Chapter Two

Question 1

What are the 4 factors that influence individual behaviour and performance?

Answer 1

(MARS MODEL) Employee Motivation, Ability, Role Perceptions, Situational Factors

Question 2

Define employee motivation

Answer 2

the forces within a person that affect his or her direction, intensity and persistence of voluntary behaviour

Question 3

Define Ability

Answer 3

includes with natural aptitudes and learned capabilities required to successfully complete a task

Question 4

Define Aptitudes

Answer 4

The natural talents that help employees learn more quickly and perform better

Question 5

Role Perceptions

Answer 5

how clearly people understand the job duties assigned to or expected of them

Question 6

Situational factors

Answer 6

individual behavioural and performance depend on the situation, which is any context beyond the employees immediate control

Question 7

What are the 5 steps of individual behaviour

Answer 7

1.Task Performance 2.Organizational Citizenship 3.Counterproductive work behaviours 4.Joining and staying with the organization 5.Maintaining work attendance

Question 8

What are the “Big Five” personality dimensions?

Answer 8

1.Conscientiousness 2.Agreeableness 3. Neuroticism 4. Openness to experience 5. Extraversion

Question 9

Define Personality

Answer 9

the relatively enduring pattern of thoughts, emotions and behaviours that characterize a person

Question 10

Nature vs Nuture

Answer 10

Nature: refers to genetics/ hereditary traits Nurture: refers to learned behaviours from socialization

Question 11

Define Values

Answer 11

Stable, evaluative beliefs that guide our preferences for outcomes or courses of action in a variety of situations

Question 12

What is Schwartz’s Model

Answer 12

organizes 57 values in a circumflex of 10 dimensions and 2 Bipolar dimensions

Question 13

What are 3 ways values influence behaviour

Answer 13

1. Shaping the attractiveness of choices 2.framing perceptions of reality 3.aligning behaviour with self concept and self presentation

Question 14

Define Values congruence

Answer 14

refers to how similar a persons values hierarchy is to the values hierarchy of another source

Question 15

What are the 3 ethical principles

Answer 15

Utilitarianism, Individual Rights, Distributive Justice

Question 16

What are 5 values commonly studied across cultures

Answer 16

1.Individualism 2.Collectivism 3.Power Distance 4.Uncertainty Avoidance 5.Achievement-Nurturing orientation

Question 17

Define Individualism

Answer 17

the idea that the rights, beliefs and responsibilities of each person should be more prominent than the rights, beliefs and responsibilities of a group

Question 18

Define Collectivism

Answer 18

Collectivism is a peoples’ tendency to think of themselves as parts of different collectives and subordinate their behavior to norms, duties, and obligations imposed by these collectives.

Question 19

Define Power Distance

Answer 19

the extent in which people accept unequal distribution of power in society. (Malaysia=High PD, Canada=Low PD)

Question 20

Define Uncertainty Avoidance

Answer 20

Uncertainty avoidance refers to the degree to which people feel threatened by ambiguous, risky, or unstructured situations. Cultures high in uncertainty avoidance prefer predictable situations and have low tolerance for ambiguity

Question 21

Define Achievement-Nurturing orientation

Answer 21

Achievement oriented people desire reasonable challenges, personal responsibility, feedback and recognition. Nurturing orientation emphasizes relationships, and concern for the well being of others. These people focus on human interaction and caring rather that competition and personal success.