Chapter Two Flashcards
Numeric
Describes data that consists of numbers.
String
Describes data that is nonnumeric.
Integer
Is a whole number.
Floating-point number
is a number with a decimal places.
Real numbers
Are floating-point numbers.
Numeric Constant (or literal numeric constant)
Is a specific numeric value.
String Constant (or literal string Constant)
Is a specific group of characters enclosed within quotation marks.
Alphanumeric values
Can contain alphabetic characters, numbers and punctuation.
Unnamed Constant
Is a literal numeric or string value.
Declaration
Is a statement that provides data type, an identifier, and optionally, an initial value.
Identifier
Is a program component’s name.
Data Type
A data item’s data type is a classification that describes what values can be assigned, how the item is stored, and what types of operations can be performed with the item.
Initializing a variable
Is the act of assigning its first value, often at the same time the variable is declared.
Garbage
Describes the unknown value stored in an unassigned variable.
Keywords
Comprise the limited word set that is reserved in a language.
Camel Casing or camelCasing
Is a naming convention in which the initial letter is lowercase, multiple word names are run together, and each new word within the name begins with an uppercase letter.
Lower Camel Casing
Is another name for the camel Casing naming convention.
Pascal Casing
Is a naming convention in which the initial letter is uppercase multiple word names are run together and each new word within the name begins with an uppercase letter.
Upper camel Casing
Is another name for the pascal Casing naming convention.
Hungarian notation
Is a naming convention in which a data type or other information is stored as part of a name.
Snake Casing
Is a convention in which parts of a name are separated by underscores.
Mixed case with underscores
Is a naming convention similar to snake Casing, but new words start with an uppercase letter.
Kebob case
Is sometimes used as the name for the style that uses dashes to separate parts of a name.
Assignment Statement
Assigns a value from the right of an assignment operator to the variable or Constant on the left of the Constant operator.
Assignment operator
Is the equal sign; it is used to assign a value to the variable or Constant on its left.
Binary operator
Is an operator that requires two operands one on each side.
Operand
Is a value used by an operator.
Right-associativity and Right-to-Left associativity
Describe operators that evaluate the expression to the right first.
lvalue
Is the memory address identifier to the left of an assignment operator.
Numeric variable
Is one that can hold digits, have mathematical operations performed on it, and usually can hold a decimal point and sign indicating positive or negative.
String variable
Can hold text that includes letters, digits and special characters such as punctuation marks.
Type-Saftey
Is the feature of some programming languages that prevents assigning values of an incorrect data type.
Named Constant
Is similar to a variable, except that it’s value cannot change after the first assignment.
Magic Number
Is an unnamed Constant whose purpose is not immediately apparent.
Overhead
Describes the extra resources a task requires.
Rules of Precedence
Dictate the order in which operations in the same statement are carried out
Order of operations
Describes the rules of precedence.
Left to right associativity
Describes operators that evaluate the expression to the left first.
Remainder operator
Is an arithmetic operator used in some programming languages when used with two integer operands, it results in the remainder after division.
Modules
Are small program units that you can use together to make a program. Programmers also refer to modules as Subroutines, procedures, functions, or methods.
Call a module
Is to use the modules name to invoke it causing it to execute.
Modularization
Is the process breaking down a program into modules.
Functional Decomposition
Is the act of reducing a large program into more management modules.
Abstraction
Is the process if paying attention to important properties while ignoring nonessential details.
Reusability
Is the feature of modular programs that allows individual modules to be used in a variety of applications.
Reliability
Is the feature of modular programs that assures you a module has been tested and proven to function correctly.
Main Program
Runs from start to stop and calls other modules.
Mainline Logic
Is the logic that appears in a programs main module; it calls other modules.
Module Header
Includes the module identifier and possibly other necessary identifying information.
Module body
Contains all the statements in the module.
Module return statement
Marks the end of the module and identifies the point at which control returns to the program module that called the module.
Encapsulation
Is the act of containing a tasks instructions in a module.
Stack
Is a memory location in which the computer keeps track of the correct memory address to which it should return after executing a module.
Functional Cohesion
Of a module is a measure of the degree to which all the module statements contribute to the same task.
Visible
Describes data items when a module can recognize them.
In Scope
Describes data that is visible.
Local
Describes variables that are declared within the module that uses them.
Portable
Module is one that can more easily be reused in multiple programs.
Global
Describes variables that are known to an entire program.
Housekeeping Tasks
Include steps you must perform at the beginning of a program to get ready for the rest of the program.
Detail Loop Tasks
Of a program include the steps that are repeated for each set of input data.
End Of Jobs Tasks
Hold the steps you take at the end of the program to finish the application.
Hierarchy Chart
Is a diagram that illustrates modules relationships to each other.
Program comments
Are written explanations that are not part of the program logic but that serve as documentation for those reading the program.
Internal documentation
Is documentation within a coded program.
External documentation
Is documentation that is outside a coded program.
Annotation Symbol
Contains information that expands on what appears in another flowchart symbol; it is most often represented by a three sided box that is connected to the step it references by a dashed line.
Self documenting
Programs are those that contain meaningful identifiers that describe their purpose.
Data Dictionary
Is a list of every variable name used in a program along with its type, size, and description.
Temporary variable (work variable)
Is a variable that you use to hold intermediate results during a programs execution.
Prompt
Is a message that is displayed on a monitor to ask the user for a response and perhaps explain how that response should be formatted.
Echoing Input
Is the act of repeating input back to a user either in a subsequent prompt or in output.
