Chapter Two

Question 1

the scientific study of crime and the causes of criminal behavior

Answer 1

Criminology

Question 2

the relationship between two measurements or behaviors that tend to move in the same direction

Answer 2

Correlation

Question 3

the relationship in which a change in one measurement or behavior creates a recognizable change in another measurement or behavior

Answer 3

Causation

Question 4

An explanation of a happening or circumstance that is based on observation, experimentation and reasoning

Answer 4

Theory

Question 5

A possible explanation for an observed occurrence that can be tested by further investigations

Answer 5

Hypothesis

Question 6

A school of criminology that holds that wrongdoers act as if they weigh the possible benefits of criminal or delinquent activity against the expected costs of being apprehended

Answer 6

Rational Choice Theory

Question 7

the science of living organisms, including their structure, function, growth and origin

Answer 7

Biology

Question 8

the scientific study of mental processes and behavior

Answer 8

Psychology

Question 9

a chemical substance, produced in tissue and conveyed in the bloodstream, that controls certain cellular and body functions such as growth and reproduction

Answer 9

Hormone

Question 10

the hormone primarily responsible for the production of sperm and the development of male secondary sex characteristics such as the growth of facial and pubic hair and the change of voice pitch

Answer 10

Testosterone

Question 11

a chemical that transmits nerve impulses between nerve cells and from nerve cells to the brain

Answer 11

neurotransmitter

Question 12

the study of the development and functioning of groups of people who live together within a society

Answer 12

sociology

Question 13

the theory that deviant behavior is more likely in communities where social institutions such as the family, schools, and the criminal justice system fail to exert control over the population

Answer 13

social disorganization theory

Question 14

the assumption that crime is the result of frustration felt by individuals who cannot reach their financial and personal goals through legitimate means

Answer 14

strain theory

Question 15

a condition in which the individual feels a disconnect from society due to the breakdown on absence of social norms

Answer 15

anomie

Question 16

a school of criminology that views criminal behavior as the result of class conflict

Answer 16

social conflict theories

Question 17

a school of criminology that considers criminal behavior to be the predictable result of a person’s interaction with his or her environment

Answer 17

social process theories

Question 18

the hypothesis that delinquents and criminals must be taught both the practical and the emotional skills necessary to participate in illegal activity

Answer 18

learning theory

Question 19

a series of theories that assume that all individuals have the potential for criminal behavior, but are restrained by the damage that such actions would do to their relationships with family, friends and members of the community

Answer 19

control theory

Question 20

the study of crime based on the belief that behavioral patterns developed in childhood can predict delinquent and criminal behavior later in life

Answer 20

life course criminology

Question 21

any substance that modifies biological psychological, or social behavior; in particular, an illegal substance with those properties

Answer 21

drug

Question 22

a chemical that affects the brain, causing changes in emotions, perceptions and behavior

Answer 22

psychoactive drug

Question 23

the use of drugs that results in physical or psychological problems for the user, as well as disruption of personal relationships and employment

Answer 23

drug abuse

Question 24

an approach to drug addiction that treats drug abuse as a mental illness, and focuses on treating and rehabilitating offenders rather than punishing them

Answer 24

medical model of addiction

Question 25

an approach to drug abuse that holds that drug offenders harm society by their actions to the same extent as other criminals and should face the same punitive sanctions

Answer 25

criminal model of addiction

Question 26

An annual report compiled by the FBI to give an indication of criminal activity in the U.S.

Answer 26

uniform crime report

Question 27

crimes reported annually by the FBI in its UCR, part one offenses include murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny and motor vehicle theft

Answer 27

Part One Offenses

Question 28

all crimes recorded by the FBI that do not fall into the category of Part One offenses. These crimes include both misdemeanors and felonies

Answer 28

part two offenses

Question 29

a method of gathering crime data that directly surveys participants to determine their experiences as victims of crime

Answer 29

Victim Surveys

Question 30

a term used to describe the actual amount of crime that takes place. The “figure” is “dark” or impossible to detect, because a great number of crimes are never reported to the police

Answer 30

Dark Figure of Crime

Question 31

a method of gathering crime data that relies on participants to reveal and detail their own criminal or delinquent behavior

Answer 31

a method of gathering crime data that relies on participants to reveal and detail their own criminal or delinquent behavior self-reported surveys

Question 32

Any person who suffers physical, emotional, or financial harm as the result of a criminal act

Answer 32

crime victim

Question 33

the theory that certain people and places are more likely to be subject to repeated criminal activity and that past victimization is a strong indicator of future victimization

Answer 33

repeat victimization