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Human Bio > Chapter Two > Flashcards

Chapter Two Flashcards

Cells make up the human body

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a cell

A
  • The smallest structure that can perform life’s functions
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2
Q

The cell theory

A

Cells are the basic structural and functional units of all living organisms

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3
Q

Cell structure

A
  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Organelles
  • Cytosol
  • Cytoskeleton
  • Inclusions
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4
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The jelly or watery material in the cell that suspends organelles

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5
Q

Cytosol

A
  • The liquid part of the cytoplasm
  • Where metabolic reactions occur
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6
Q

Organelles

A

The structures within a cell that carry out a particular function

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7
Q

Nucleus (S.L.F)

A

S- Ovoid, spherical shape surrounded by porous double nuclear membrane and contains nucleolus
L- Cytoplasm
F- Stores DNA which is the blueprints for making proteins. It controls the structure of the cell and how it functions

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8
Q

Ribosomes (S.L.F)

A

S- Small, spherical
L- Free in cytoplasm or attached to membrane and rough ER
F- Involved in protein production

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9
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (S.L.F)

A

S- Parts of parallel membranes
L- Extends through the cytoplasm and connects the cell membrane with the nuclear membrane
F- Provides a surface in which chemical reactions can occur + is used for storage and transport of materials

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10
Q

Golgi Apparatus/ Body (S.L.F)

A

S- Flattened, membranous bags stacked on top of each other
L- Cytoplasm
F- Modifies proteins and packages them in vesicles for secretion from the cell

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11
Q

Mitochondria (S.L.F)

A

S- Spherical, sausage shaped structure
L- Spread through the cytoplasm
F- Site of chemical reactions of cellular respiration

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12
Q

Centrioles (S.L.F)

A

S- A pair of cylindrical structures
L- Usually near the nucleus
F- Involved in the reproduction of the cell

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13
Q

Lysosomes (S.L.F)

A

S- Small spheres
L- Through the cytoplasm
F- Contains enzymes that break down proteins, lipids, nucleus acids and some carbohydrates. They break down materials that are taken into the cell and worn out organelles

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14
Q

Inclusions

A

Chemical substances that are not part of the cell structure but are found in the cytoplasm of specific cells

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15
Q

Cilia (S.L.F)

A

S- Short and numerous projections that look like tiny hairs
L- Lining of the windpipe
F- Move mucous and trapped particles

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16
Q

Flagella

A

Like cilia but longer and only one (Flagellum) or two

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17
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

A framework of protein fibres that assist with cell movements and gives the cell shape

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18
Q

Microtubules

A
  • Part of the cytoskeleton
  • Hollow rods that keep organelles in place or move them around the cell
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19
Q

Microfilaments

A
  • Part of the cytoskeleton
  • Help moves materials around the cytoplasm and move the whole cell
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20
Q

Cell specification

A

Each cell is designed to perform a specific function

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21
Q

Cell differentiation

A

The process by which specialised cells develop special characteristics to suit particular functions

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22
Q

Cell size

A

10-15 micrometers (1X10^-6)

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23
Q

SA

A
  • A small cell with have a larger SA to volume ratio than a larger one
  • Need to be small as they rely on diffusion to get things in/out of the cell
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24
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

Fluid -> constantly moving
Mosaic -> made of many different types of molecules

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25
Q

Cell membrane structure

A
  • Phospholipid bilayer (lipid molecules with a phosphate group) each of which have a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head that constantly move
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26
Q

Functions of the cell membrane

A
  • Physical barrier
  • Regulates the passage of materials
  • Sense changes in the outside environment as it has receptions that are sensitive to particular molecules
  • Supports the structure of the cell
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27
Q

Channel proteins

A

Form a channel through the membrane and have a central pore that allows ions, water and other small molecules to pass through

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28
Q

Cell requirements

A
  • Continual supply of the materials they need to survive and a continual removal of any of these materials they produce
  • Oxygen and glucose for respiration
  • Produce hormones and enzymes which need to be removed from the cell as well as products such as CO2 and water
29
Q

What is transport across the cell membrane

A
  • The cell membrane is differentially permeable (allow certain molecules to pass through but restrict others)
  • Can be an active or passive process
30
Q

Passive transport

A
  • With concentration gradient (high->low concentration)
  • No energy required
  • only small molecules or ions may pass between the lipid molecules of the membrane
31
Q

Active transport

A
  • Against the concentration gradient (low->high concentration)
  • Requires energy
  • Energy is supplied by ATP
32
Q

Concentration (def)

A

The amount of a given substance contained within a solution or in a particular volume of space

33
Q

Concentration Gradient

A

A difference in concentration of a solution, often between the inside and outside of a cell

34
Q

Diffusion

A

The spreading of particles so they are equally distributed across the space available

35
Q

Osmosis

A

Water or a solvent passing across a membrane

36
Q

Tonicity

A

The concentration of solutes within a solvent. The comparison of tonicity is in reference to the substance against another substance (this controls the concentration gradient)

37
Q

Hypertonic

A

The solution has a greater solute to solvent ratio than the substance it is being compared to (higher osmotic pressure)

38
Q

Hypotonic

A

The solution has a lower solute to solvent ratio than the substance it is being compared to (lower osmotic pressure)

39
Q

Isotonic

A

The solution had the same solute to solvent ratio as the substance it’s being compared to

40
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A
  • Passive process
  • Moves with the concentration gradient (H->L)
  • The molecule transported attached to the binding site on the carrier protein. The channel changes shape and the molecule is in the other side of the membrane
41
Q

Active transport

A
  • Requires energy
  • Against the concentration gradient (L->H)
42
Q

Vesicular transport

A
  • The movement of substances across the cell membrane in membranous bound sacs (vesicles)
  • Active processes
  • Endocytosis (enter the cell)
  • Exocytosis (exit the cell)
  • If involved with solids = Phagocytosis
  • If involved with liquids = Pinocytosis
43
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

The fluid surrounding the cell

44
Q

Intercellular fluid

A

The fluid inside the cell

45
Q

Tissues

A

A group of similar cells working together to perform certain common functions

46
Q

4 major types of tissues

A
  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Muscle
  • Nervous
47
Q

Epithelial tissue

A
  • Lining/covering tissue, covers all body surfaces inside and out
  • Cells = packed together
  • Also known as epithelium
48
Q

Connective tissues

A
  • Most abundant tissue in the body
  • Support for the body, holds body parts together
  • Cells = not as close together as epithelial, separated but a non cellular material called matrix
49
Q

Muscular tissue

A
  • Respond to stimulus by contracting and becoming shorter
  • Cells = long and thin called muscle fibres
50
Q

3 Different types of muscular tissue

A
  • Skeletal
  • Cardiac
  • Smooth
51
Q

Skeletal muscle

A
  • Voluntary
  • Striated
  • muscles attatched to bones
52
Q

Ligament

A

Connective tissue connecting bone to bone

53
Q

Tendon

A

Connective tissue connecting muscle to bone

54
Q

Smooth muscle

A
  • Involuntary
  • No striations- smoother
55
Q

Cardiac muscle

A
  • Involuntary
  • Heart is made mostly out of cardiac muscle
  • Striated
56
Q

Nervous tissue

A
  • Made up of nerve cells called neurons
  • Long projections from the body of the cell
  • A part of the neuron can be stimulated and messages are carried along the projections from one part of the body to another
  • Found in bran, spinal cord and nerves
57
Q

Neuron structure

A
  • Cell body, the central body contains the neurons nucleus associated cytoplasm and other organelles
  • Axons, carry signals away from the cell towards another dendrite
  • Dendrite, Carry signals towards the cell body
58
Q

Organs

A
  • Body structures made of two or more types of tissue
  • Some larger organs have smaller ones within the
59
Q

System

A
  • A group of organs that work together to carry out a particular task
  • In addition to having a major function most body systems have a secondary function
60
Q

Life processes

A

The series of actions such as movements, respiration, sensitivity, growth, reproduction, excretion and nutrition that are essential for life to be sustained

61
Q

Blood

A

The red liquid that circulates in the arteries and veins of living things (animals and people) carrying oxygen to and carbon dioxide from the tissues of the body

62
Q

Bone

A

Hard, whitish material making up the skeleton

63
Q

Cartilage

A

Firm, flexible connective tissue

64
Q

Duct

A

A vessel for conveying lymph or glandular secretions such as tears or bile

65
Q

Gland

A

An organ that secretes particular chemical substances for use in the body or discharge into the surroundings

66
Q

Net diffusion

A

The movement of liquid or gas molecules from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration along a concentration gradient

67
Q

Oxygen concentration in cells

A
  • Lower inside the cell than outside as it is continuously used up for respiration
  • Net diffusion of oxygen into the cell
68
Q

Carbon dioxide concentration in cells

A
  • Higher concentration inside than outside the cells as it is continuously produced through respiration
  • Net diffusion of carbon dioxide out of the cell

Human Bio (8 decks)

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