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Human Bio > Chapter Four > Flashcards

Chapter Four Flashcards

The respiratory system allows gas exchange

1
Q

Mucus lining

A
  • In the nasal cavity and the upper airway
  • The epithelial lining contains goblet cells which secrete a clear sticky mucous
  • Traps dirt particles and microbes before they enter the lungs
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2
Q

Nasal cavity

A
  • The nose
  • Air enters and leaves the body through here
  • Air is cleaned, warmed and moistened before entering the body
  • Nasal secretions contain an anit-bacterial enzyme (lysozyme)
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3
Q

Larynx

A
  • A box like structure of cartilage
  • Where vocal cords are found
  • Entrance is protected by epiglottis
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4
Q

Trachea and bronchi structure

A

C-shaped cartilage that prevent tubes collapsing during inspiration

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5
Q

Upper airways

A
  • Lined with ciliated mucus membrane
  • Mucus traps dirt particles and microbes
  • Cilia sweep dirty mucus up the trachea and into the throat to be expelled
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6
Q

Bronchi

A
  • The structure splits off into 2, one for each lung
  • These further split into secondary bronchi which take air into the lobes of each lung
  • These then divide to form bronchioles
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7
Q

Bronchioles

A
  • Split into millions of terminal bronchioles
  • No cartilage
  • Made up of smooth muscle, allows them to control flow of air into the lungs expanding when needing more oxygen
    -Cilia and mucous are also present protecting the lungs from contaminents
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8
Q

Alveoli

A
  • The bronchioles terminate in microscopic clusters of air sacs (alveoli)
  • Where gas exchange occurs
  • Made of smooth tissue
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9
Q

Purpose of breathing

A

Exchange O2 and CO2 with the lungs and the air

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10
Q

Inspiration steps

A
  • Diaphragm contracts and flattens
  • Intercostal muscles contract and ribs move up and out
  • Pleura membrane moves with chest cavity
  • Internal space increases as does internal pressure
  • External pressure decreases
  • Air flow through nose and trachea until pressure is equalized
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11
Q

Expiration steps

A
  • Diaphragm relaxes and rounds
  • Intercostal muscles relax to move ribs down and in
  • Pleura membrane moves back with the chest cavity
  • Internal space decreases so does internal pressure
  • External pressure increases
  • Air flows through nose and trachea until pressure is equalized
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12
Q

Propeties of alveoli which make it suitable for gas exchange

A
  • Very thin
  • Large surface area
  • Moist
  • Large blood supply
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13
Q

Alveoli > very thin

A

gas molecules dont have to travel far to move in/out of the blood

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14
Q

Alveoli > large surface area

A

Many of them which increases surface area which increases the amount of gas that can be exchanged in a short time period

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15
Q

Alveoli > moist

A

Prevents evaporation of the dissolved gas fluid

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16
Q

Alveoli > large blood supply

A

Increases the amount of blood in contact with the air in the sacs, it maintains the needed concentration levels in the blood

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17
Q

Oxygen concentration (inspiration)

A

I- 20.95% E- 15.80%

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18
Q

Carbon dioxide concentration

A

I- 0.04% E- 4.30%

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19
Q

Oxygen gas exchange

A
  • Blood travels to the lungs
  • It has a low concentration of oxygen as it has been used by the bodys cells
  • Lower than the amount is inspired
  • As a result there is a net diffusion of O2 through the moisture layer out of the alveoli into the blood capillaries
  • Blood then travels to the cells of the body
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20
Q

CO2 gas exchange

A
  • Blood travels to lungs
  • High concentration of CO2 due to cellular respiration
  • Higher than the concentration in the alveoli
  • As a result a net diffusion of CO2 into the alveoli from the blood capillary
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21
Q

Respiratory diseases

A
  • Emphysema
  • Asthma
  • Pneumonia
  • Tuberculosis
22
Q

What happens when alveoli is damaged

A
  • Its ability to efficiently exchange gas is reduced
  • Symptoms include > coughing and shortness of breath
23
Q

Emphysema

A
  • Long term exposure to particles in the air taken into the lungs (exccessively)
  • Alveoli lose elasticity, break down and reduce the surface area of the lungs
  • Breathing becomes difficult
  • Inadequate SA for gas exchange + difficulty in ventilating lungs
  • Once lung damage begins it cant be stopped
24
Q

Pneumonia

A
  • Infection of the lungs via bacteria, viruses and fungi
  • Inflammation causes secretion of mucous into the alveoli thus restricting the amount of air they can contain
  • SA for gas exchange is reduced
  • Breathing is difficult
25
Q

Tuberculosis

A
  • Infection, usually of the lungs, caused by bacterium mycobacterium tuberculosis
26
Q

Hygiene and particle spread

A
  • Most infections spread by droplets
  • Coughing, sneezing, spitting, may be inhaled by others causing the spread
  • Good hygiene practices, washing hands etc, help reduce spread of lung infections
27
Q

Asthma

A
  • Medical conditions that cause difficulty in breathing due to narrowing of the airways
  • Smooth muscles contracting narrowing the airway
  • Inflammation causing the lining to thicken and narrow
  • Allergic or non-allergic response
28
Q

Asthma attack

A
  • Dust, pollens, smoke, stress, emotions, medication, animals, cold weather adn some food substances
  • Muscles surrounding the bronchioles spasm
  • Narrowing of the airways
29
Q

Steps of the respiratory system

A
  • Nasal/ Oral cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
30
Q

Alveoli (def)

A

The air sacs in the lungs

31
Q

Bronchiole (def)

A

A very small tube in the lung

32
Q

Epiglottis

A

A cartilage flap at the base of the pharynx that covers the trachea during swallowing

33
Q

Larynx (def)

A

The structure at the top of the trachea that contains the vocal cords

34
Q

Pharynx (def)

A

The throat; the pharynx joins the mouth cavity to the oesophagus and the larynx

35
Q

Pleura (def)

A

A membrane covering the surface of the lungs

36
Q

Pleural fluid (def)

A

A thin layer of fluid within the pleura that allows the lungs to move during breathing

37
Q

Primary bronchi (def)

A

The first branching from the trachea entering the left and right lungs

38
Q

Respiratory system (def)

A

The system specialised to facilitate the intake of oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide

39
Q

Secondary bronchi (def)

A

The division of the primary bronchi taking air into each lobe of the lungs

40
Q

Terminal bronchioles (def)

A

The end of the bronchioles before they form alveoli

41
Q

Tertiary bronchi (def)

A

The division of the secondary bronchi

42
Q

Trachea (def)

A

The tube that takes air from the throat to the lungs; the windpipe

43
Q

Ventilation (def)

A

The process of inhalation and exhalation

44
Q

Vocal cord (def)

A

Membrane in the larynx that vibrate producing sounds

45
Q

Haemoglobin (def)

A

A red protein that carries oxygen through the blood

46
Q

External intercostal muscle (def)

A

The outermost of the three intercostal muscles that arise from the lower border of the rib above the respective intercostal space

47
Q

Pleural cavity (def)

A

The space enclosed by the pleura

48
Q

Thoracic cavity (def)

A

A space in the chest that contains organs, blood vessels, nerves and other important body structures

49
Q

Diaphragm (def)

A

A dome shaped muscular partition separating the thorax from the abdomen

50
Q

Intercostal muscles (def)

A

Groups of muscles that run between the ribs and help form and move the chest wall

51
Q

Tidal volume (def)

A

The amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle

52
Q

Cilia role in respiratory system

A

Move microbes and debris up and out of the airways

Human Bio (8 decks)

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