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PSYCHOLOGY 2040 > CHAPTER THREE: Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn > Flashcards

CHAPTER THREE: Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 3 stages of prenatal development

A

Takes an average of 38 weeks
Three stages:
1. The period of Zygote (weeks 1-2)
2. The period of Embryo (3-8 weeks)
3. The period of Fetus (9-38 weeks)

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2
Q
  1. Period of germinal/zygote
A
  • From conception until zygote enters uterus and becomes implanted (8 to 10 days after conception)
  • zygote grows rapidly through cell divisions and travels along the fallopian tube toward the uterus
  • placenta forms
  • this is when twins do or dont develop
  • the blastocyst buries deep into the uterine lining. The outer layer forms a membrane (known as an amnion) which encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid
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3
Q

umbilical cord

A
  • contains a vein that delivers blood loaded with nutrients from the placenta to the zygote, and two arteries that remove waste products
  • cord is form, floats freely like an astronaut on a spacewalk
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4
Q

blastocyst

A

After about four days, the zygote comprises about 100 cells, resembling a hollow ball
- outer layer forms a membrane (amnion)
- protect and nourish developing fetus

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5
Q

placenta

A

a structure for exchanging
nutrients and wastes between the mother and the developing organism

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6
Q

embryonic period (weeks 3-8)

A
  • most rapid prenatal changes take place
  • Once the blastocyst is completely embedded in the uterine wall, it is called an embryo
  • organs develop
  • sexual differentiation has begun
  • teratogens are very harmful
  • nervous system develops
  • During the second month, limbs start to emerge, and the eyes, ears, nose, jaw, and neck form
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7
Q

what 3 layers form in the embryo

A
  1. The outer layer, ectoderm, will become hair, the outer layer of skin, and the nervous
    system
  2. The middle layer, or mesoderm, will form muscles, bones, and the circulatory system
  3. The inner layer, or endoderm, will form the digestive system and the lungs
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8
Q

what does the embryo rest in

A

The embryo rests in an amniotic sac which is filled with amniotic fluid that cushion the embryo
and maintains a constant temperature

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9
Q

what 2 structures is the embryo linked to

A
  1. The umbilical cord houses blood vessels that join the embryo to the placenta.
  2. The blood flows through the villi –-finger like projections from the umbilical blood
    vessels
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10
Q

fetal period (weeks 9-38)

A
  • nervous system, respiratory and digestive systems
  • cerebral cortex grow (wrinkled surface of the brain that regulate many important human behaviours)
  • males develop testes , females develop ovaries
  • eyebrows, eyelashes and scalp hair emerge
  • grows in weight and length
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11
Q

vernix

A

The skin thickens and is covered with a thick, greasy substance called vernix,
which protects the fetus during its long bath in amniotic fluid

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12
Q

age of viability (22-26 weeks)

A

is the point at which a baby could survive; but born this early, he or she will need assistance to breathe, and has only a slim chance of survival

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13
Q

fetal behaviour

A

● An active fetus is more likely than an inactive fetus to be an unhappy, difficult baby
The fetuses’ senses work
● They can hear the mother’s beating hear and its mother speak and hear others speak to
her
● Late in pregnancy, enough light passes through the abdominal wall for a fetus to see

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14
Q

teratogens

A

agents that cause damage to an embryo or fetus
- greatest risk during first 8 weeks of gestation

a) Diseases
b) Drugs
c) Environmental hazards

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15
Q

the 6 general principles apply to all tertatogens:

A
  1. The susceptibility of the organism depends on its developmental stage.
  2. A teratogen’s effects are likely to be specific to a particular organ.
  3. Individual organisms vary in their susceptibility to teratogens.
  4. The mother’s physiological state influences susceptibility to teratogens.
  5. The greater the concentration of a teratogenic agent, the greater the risk.
  6. Teratogens that have little or no effect on the mother can seriously affect the developing organism
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16
Q

thalidomide

A
  • many women took this drug to help with morning sickness
  • were giving birth to
    babies witb deformed arms, legs, hands or fingers
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17
Q

teratogenic diseases

A
  • aids
  • cytomegalovirus
  • genital herpes
  • rubella
  • syphilis
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17
Q

cigarette smoking and how it affects kid

A

– the nicotine constricts blood vessels and reduce the oxygen and nutrients
that can reach the fetus through the placenta
- more likely to miscarry
- smaller than average kid
- attention, cognitive and language skills

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17
Q

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

A

-pregnant women who consume large quantities of alcoholic beverages
- heart problems and atypical facial features
- Leading cause of developmental disabilities in North America

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18
Q

examples of environmental teratogens

A
  • air pollutants
  • lead
  • mercury
  • x rays
  • PCBs
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19
Q

spinia bifida

A

when a mother does not consume adequate amounts of folic acid, a disorder
in which the embryo’s neural tube does not close properly during the first month of
pregnancy (neural tube develops the brain and spinal cord, can cause permanent damage
to nervous stem and spinal cord)

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19
Q

How Teratogens Influence Prenatal Development

A
  1. The impact depends on the genotype of the organism
  2. The impact changes over the course of prenatal development
  3. Each teratogen affects a specific aspect (or aspects) of prenatal development
  4. The impact depends on the dose
  5. Damage is not always evident at birth
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20
Q

how chronic stress affects kid

A
  • weigh less than average
  • less able to pay attention
  • increasing heart rate and activity level
  • weaken immune system
  • epigenetic changes
  • elevated levels of cortisol
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21
Q

how a mothers age affects kid

A
  • economically disadvantaged
  • Older mothers are more likely to have difficulty getting pregnant, miscarriages, and stillbirths (over 40)
  • Nearly 50% of pregnancies among women in their 40s and 50s result in miscarriage
  • Women in their 20s are twice as fertile as women in their 30s
22
Q

ultrasound

A

a procedure using sound waves to generate a picture of the fetus
- can be used as early as 4-5 weeks
- at 20 weeks can reveal sex
- can see date of conception

23
Q

amniocentesis

A

a needle is inserted through the mother’s abdomen to obtain a sample of
the amniotic fluid that surrounds the fetus
- typically performed at 16 weeks

24
Q

chronic villus sampling (CVS)

A

a sample of tissue is obtained from the chorion (a part of the placenta and analyzed
- Small tube inserted through the vagina into the uterus to collect a small plug of cells from the placenta
- Can be done at 10-12 weeks

25
Q

non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT)

A
  • Allows prenatal diagnostic tests for chromosomal abornamilities
  • An advantage: might not need to do an invasive procedure like amniocentesis
26
Q

what are the 3 stages of labour

A
  1. dilation of cervix
  2. delivery of baby
  3. birth of placenta
27
Q

stage 1: dilation of cervix

A
  • dilation of the cervix, caused by contractions of the uterus, which become more frequent and more powerful as time goes on
  • the longest stage of labor 12 to 14 hours for a woman’s first birth
  • force amniotic fluid up against cervix
  • At the end, cervix is dilated about 10 cm in diameter
28
Q

stage 2: delivery of the baby

A
  • begins when cervix is fully enlarged
  • use abdominal muscles to push baby
  • usually lasts an hour
  • crowning (the top of the babys head appears)
  • breech presentation (feet first)
29
Q

stage 3: birth of placenta

A
  • the placenta separates from the wall of the uterus, and is “delivered” in 10 to 15 minutes
30
Q

claims about eating placenta

A
  • known as placentophagy albeit usually in capsule form
  • no clinical evidence to support these claims
  • can have negative effects on milk production
31
Q

epidural

A

injected into a space below the spinal cord and only the lower body is
nubed = she cannot use her abdominal muscles to help push the baby through the
birth canal
- can cause women to get headaches and decrease blood pressure
- tense = harder birth

32
Q

doula

A

is a person familiar with childbirth who is not part of the medical staff
but instead provides emotional and physical support throughout labour and delivery

33
Q

Bajura Nepal

A

it’s believed that blood and body fluids associated with birth are pollutants. Childbirth is viewed as being shameful; so shameful, in fact, that nobody assists the mother – she even has to cut and tie her own umbilical cord

34
Q

Pokot People of Kenya

A

community celebration - assisted by female relatives, delivers the baby; the father is present to support the mother. Following birth, a burial ceremony is held for the placenta. Mothers are then secluded, given three months free of other chores

35
Q

postpartum depression

A

irritability of newborn baby continues for months and is often accompanied by feelings of low self-worth, disturbed sleep, poor appetite and apathy
- changes in hormones
- one way to reduce is breastfeeding

36
Q

common birth complications

A
  • cephalopelvic disproportion
  • irregular position
  • pre eclampsia
  • prolapsed umbilical cord
37
Q

hypoxia

A

If the flow of blood is disrupted, infants do not receive adequate oxygen
- sometimes umbilical cord is pinching or squeed shut
- to guard against this: fetal heart rate should be monitored

38
Q

premature infants and small for date

A

are born less than 37 weeks after conception

small for date: infants are substantially smaller than would be expected based on length of time since conception
- premature

39
Q

kangaroo care

A

position, in which infants dressed online in a diaper are held against an
adult’s bare chest in a sling or blanket has been popularized in Canadian neonatal units
- skin to skin contact and positive stimulation

40
Q

natural childbirth

A
  • upright position, rather than flat on her back with her feet in stirrups. This tends to makes labour shorter, as pushing is easier, and more effective with gravity helping out
  • the baby also benefits in the mother’s upright position from a richer supply of oxygen as blood flow to the placenta is increased
41
Q

Apgar Scale

A

is a measure devised by obstetrical anesthesiologist Apgar, to evaluate a
newborn baby’s condition

5 vital signs are looked for:
1. Breathing
2. Heartbeat
3. Muscle tone
4. Presence of reflexes (e.g., coughing)
5. skin tone

5 scores are added together,
7+ = baby is in good physical condition
4-6 = newborn still needs special attention and care
3 or less = signals a life-threatening situation requiring emergency medical care

42
Q

Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale

A
  • Assesses subtle behavioural aspects of newborns condition
  • The scale includes 28 behavioural items along with 18 items that test reflexes

The babies performance is used to evaluate the functioning of four systems:
1. Autonomic - ability to control body functions such as breathing and temperature
regulation
2. Motor - ability to control body movements and activity level
3. State - ability to maintain a state (e.g., staying alert or staying asleep)
4. Social - ability to interact with people

43
Q

low birth weight

A
  • Below 5 pounds, 8 ounces (2500 grams)
    o At greater risk for complications
  • Small in stature though childhood
  • Learning difficulties
  • Behavioural problems at school

Main causes for low birth weight: poor nutrition, heavy drug/alcohol use, multiple births

44
Q

babinski relfex

A

a babys toes fan out when the sole of the foot is stroked from heel to toe

45
Q

blink reflex

A

a babys eyes close in response to bright light or loud noise

46
Q

moro reflex

A

a baby throws its arms out and then inward in response to a loud noise or when its head falls

47
Q

palmar reflex

A

a baby grasps an object placed in the palm of its hand

48
Q

rooting reflex

A

when a babys cheeck is stroked, it turns its head toward the stroking and opens its mout

49
Q

sucking reflex

A

a baby sucks when an object is placed in its mouth

50
Q

withdrawl reflex

A

a baby withdraws its foot when the sole is pricked with a pin

51
Q

what r the 4 newborn states

A
  1. Alert inactivity - baby is calm and attentive, with eyes open; the baby appears to be deliberately inspecting the environment
  2. Walking activity - the baby’s eyes are open, but they seem unfocused; the baby moves arms or legs in bursts of uncoordinated motion
  3. Crying - the baby cries vigorously, usually accompanying this with agitated but uncoordinated motion
  4. Sleeping - the baby’s eyes are closed and the baby drifts back and forth from periods of regular breathing and stillness to periods of irregular breathing and gentle arm and leg
    motion
52
Q

newborns cry (3 types)

A

Newborns spend 2-3 hours each day crying or on the verge of crying
- should respond to a babies cry until 3 months old

A basic cry starts softly then gradually becomes more intense and usually occurs when a baby is hungry or tired

A mad cry is a more intense version of a basic cry

A pain cry begins with a sudden long shriek, followed by a long pause and gasping crying

53
Q

Non REM vs REM sleep

A

REM: newborns move their arms and legs, they may grimace, and their eyes move beneath their eyelids, body is more active, heartbeat more rapid

NON REM: a baby’s breathing, heart rate, and brain activity are steady, and they lie quite still

54
Q

Sudden Unexpected Infant Death

A

a healthy baby dies suddenly, for no apparent reason
- more often when child is on stomach
- born prematurely
- parents smoke
- in Canada, approximately two babies die each week from Sudden Unexpected Infant Death (SUID)

55
Q

infants sleep patterns

A

16-19 hours/day
- awake one hour/sleep 3 hours
- by 1 month: 15 hours/day
- by 4 months: 14 hours/day
- most babies sleep through the night at 3 or 4 months

56
Q

co sleeping

A
  • infants sleep in the cradle next to the bed
    Until preschool kids sleep in the same room with parents (interdependent)

PSYCHOLOGY 2040 (14 decks)

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