chapter 14: social influences

Question 1

authoritative parenting

Answer 1

warmth and responsiveness with adaptive control techniques
- high parental control
- involved in child life
- explain rules and encourage responsibility
- best outcome for kids
- high self control, self esteem, social maturity

Question 2

authoritarian parenting

Answer 2

combines high control and little warmth
- hard work, respect, obedience are demanded
- independence discouraged
- dont explain rules or decisions
- children have low self esteem, are unhappy and anxious

Question 3

indulgent permissive parenting

Answer 3

combines warmth with acceptance with little control

• rarely uses punishment and accepets children behaviour
• children are impulsive, rebelious, poor achievers

ex. reginas mom in mean girls

Question 4

uninvolved parenting

Answer 4

little warmth or control; generally indifferent

• parents often overwhelmed with stress, little time or energy for children
• provide basic needs but nothing else
• children have low self esteem, are agressive and moody

Question 5

what is the most effective parenting style

Answer 5

authoritative parenting

• balance bw restrictiveness and autonomy
• engagement in verbal give and take
• warmth relationship
• strong attachment to parents

Question 6

to be effective, punishment should be:

Answer 6

LESS EFFECTIVE than reinforcement

1. applied swiftyly and consistently
2. just severe enough to be effective (e.g. timeous)
3. explained at a level that the child understands

Question 7

parenting in middle childhood ( co regulation)

Answer 7

co regulation: parents exercise general oversight while letting children take charge of daily activities
- mutual respect
- monitor from a distance while communicating expectations

Question 8

changing expectations

Answer 8

parents
- expect proper behaviour
- more critical of misraks

children
- embarrassed at public affection
- less likely to cry, more likely to argue

Question 9

helicopter parents

Answer 9

hover over childre, often past the time when the child should be independent

Question 10

changing family system

Answer 10

1950s: nuclear family, 2 heterosexual parents and stay at home mother

1960s and on: significant changes, deviations from the norm
ex. divorce, remarriage, maternal employment, daycare, same sex parents

Question 11

single parent families

Answer 11

• approx. 25% of canadian children
• either result of divorce or unmarried
• 37% live below low income line

Question 12

same sex parents

Answer 12

children are no different from children of opposite sex parents in terms of mental health and peer relations
- thru adoption or reproductive tech

Question 13

divorce

Answer 13

• in canada about 28% of couples divorce; rate peaks in 5th year of marriage
• increase from 1960 to 1985
• almost half of divorces involve children
• major factors: changes in laws and social norms

Question 14

effects of divorce on children

Answer 14

• the “broken home” is a primary cause of maladjustment and deliquency
• an unsatisafactory marriage is worth keeping together for the sake of children

Question 15

immediate consequences of divorce

Answer 15

• sharp drop in income
• high maternal stress
• disruption in daily routine
• less effective parenting
• maternal stress, depression, anxiety

Question 16

effects of divorce depends on 2 things

Answer 16

1. childs age
   - younger children tend to blame themselves
   - older children may suffer depression, engage in undesirable behaviour
2. childs gender
   - boys r at greater risk for serious adjustment problems
   - girls face more long term problems

Question 17

divorce: long term consequences

Answer 17

• most children show improvment after 2 yrs of divorce
• effective parenting is the most important for posiitve results

Question 18

blended families

Answer 18

• being a step parent is more difficult than being a natural parent
• some may be warmer with biological children
• asserting authority becomes difficult

Question 19

sibling relationships

Answer 19

• older siblings perceive neglect upon arrival of baby sibling

conflict is minimized when:
1. parents get along
2. parents monitor children activities
3. parents exhibit authoritative style towards all children

Question 20

positive contribiutions to sibling relationships

Answer 20

• emotional support
• teach new skills to younger siblings
• modelling behaviours (playtime, household chores)

Question 21

child abuse

Answer 21

more commonly:
- physical
- neglect
- exposure to domestic violence

less common:
- psychological
- sexual

Question 22

stats of child abuse

Answer 22

Parents commit 80% of incidents
Relatives: 7%
Other: 13%

Neglect: more often mothers
Sexual: more often fathers
18% of cases: parents jointly commit acts

Question 23

quality of fam enviorment more important than family structure

Answer 23

• well structures, safe, monitored
• authoritative parenting
• child feels secure, loved, unthreatened, safe to explore and learn
• eating meals together

Question 24

peers

Answer 24

def: two or more people who are operating on similar levels of behavioural complexity

equal status forsters development of social competencies, cooperation

• typically same age but mixed age peers can provide important skills and experiences

Question 25

parallel play

Answer 25

children play beside each other without much interaction (at 1 yr)

Question 26

associative play

Answer 26

initiate brief interactions with peers, and imitate actions of others - children often have different goals

Question 27

cooperative play

Answer 27

- play roles and interact - builds social skills, group entry skills - hide and seek, games with dolls, fantasy games

Question 28

solitary play

Answer 28

- usually not an indicator of problems - wandering aimlessly or hovering over others playing may be reason for concern ex. solving puzzles, reading, lego

Question 29

friendship selectivity

Answer 29

at 8 or 9, children have their first intimate and reciprocal relationships - emphasize mutual trust and loyalty - become more selective

Question 30

resemblence bw friends

Answer 30

- tend to be same sexed, similar aged and from the same race or ethnic group - have similar interests, attitudes and recreational pursuits cliques: groups of 4-6 individuals crowds: larger groups w common labels (ex. jocks, nerds, stoners)

Question 31

children with good friends:

Answer 31

- tend to have higher self esteem - are less likely to be lonely or depressed - are more likely to engage in prosocial behaviour

Question 32

dating stats

Answer 32

average age of adolescent dating: 12-13 yrd - by age 16 less than 90% of adolescents have had at least one date - by age 18 75% of adolescents have been involved in a steady relationship

Question 33

functions of dating

Answer 33

early adolescence: - establashing behavioural and emotional autonomy - establish popularity - learning about self as a relationship partner late adolescence: - further development of intimacy - sexual experimentation - companionship (w out responsibility of marriage)

Question 34

dating concerns

Answer 34

parents: concerned that adolescents will make premature commitments adolescents: - sense that may be having more fun if seeing more ppl - some lack emotional maturity to be exclusive breaking up = hurt feelings, loss and depression

Question 35

romantic relationships r more likely to involve:

Answer 35

- intense emotions (both positive and neg) - sexual activity - boundaries r often unclear - friends w benefits - being exclusive

Question 36

sexual activity during adolescent

Answer 36

- higher rates of oral sex than vaginal or anal intercourse in td generation - risks of STI r lower in oral sex - majority of canadian adolescents have had sex with at least one partner by end of teen years

Question 37

timing of sexual intiation

Answer 37

- may, june, july more common regardless of romantic involvement - peak time is holiday szn in december for serious relationship

Question 38

gender differences for desire of sexual behaviour

Answer 38

boys: - biological factor - poularity girls: - biological factors - if friends are having sex/attitudes towards that - family structure (divorced, raised by single mom)

Question 39

contraceptive use

Answer 39

- approx 40% of high school students report not always using a condom ignorance: lack of knowledge /information about contraception - illusion of invulnerability - lack of motivation - lack of access

Question 40

5 groups of popularity and rejection

Answer 40

type of child and peer treatment: popular = liked rejected = disliked controversial = liked & disliked average = liked & disliked (lower intensity) neglected = ignored

Question 41

two subtypes of popular children

Answer 41

1. prosocial - academic and social competence 2. antisocial - agressive (physically or relationally) - seen as cool - athletically skilled - academic underachievers

Question 42

two subtypes of rejected children

Answer 42

1. agressive - poor social skills - hyperactive - impulsive - inattentive 2. withdrawn - highly anxious - socially akward - passive

Question 43

parental influence on peer contacts

Answer 43

- choose neighbourhood in which children grow up and play - choose daycare and schools - can choose to engage in direct or indirect supervision - parenting styles influence success with peers

Question 44

6 factors that contribute to effective schooling

Answer 44

1. school climate (to be safe and nurturing) 2. emphasis on academic excellence 3. parental involvement 4. mentoring programs 5. teamwork 6. authoritative teachers (warm, caring, firm with rules)