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PSYCHOLOGY 2040 > chapter 14: social influences > Flashcards

chapter 14: social influences Flashcards

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1
Q

authoritative parenting

A

warmth and responsiveness with adaptive control techniques
- high parental control
- involved in child life
- explain rules and encourage responsibility
- best outcome for kids
- high self control, self esteem, social maturity

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2
Q

authoritarian parenting

A

combines high control and little warmth
- hard work, respect, obedience are demanded
- independence discouraged
- dont explain rules or decisions
- children have low self esteem, are unhappy and anxious

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3
Q

indulgent permissive parenting

A

combines warmth with acceptance with little control

  • rarely uses punishment and accepets children behaviour
  • children are impulsive, rebelious, poor achievers

ex. reginas mom in mean girls

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4
Q

uninvolved parenting

A

little warmth or control; generally indifferent

  • parents often overwhelmed with stress, little time or energy for children
  • provide basic needs but nothing else
  • children have low self esteem, are agressive and moody
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5
Q

what is the most effective parenting style

A

authoritative parenting

  • balance bw restrictiveness and autonomy
  • engagement in verbal give and take
  • warmth relationship
  • strong attachment to parents
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6
Q

to be effective, punishment should be:

A

LESS EFFECTIVE than reinforcement

  1. applied swiftyly and consistently
  2. just severe enough to be effective (e.g. timeous)
  3. explained at a level that the child understands
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7
Q

parenting in middle childhood ( co regulation)

A

co regulation: parents exercise general oversight while letting children take charge of daily activities
- mutual respect
- monitor from a distance while communicating expectations

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8
Q

changing expectations

A

parents
- expect proper behaviour
- more critical of misraks

children
- embarrassed at public affection
- less likely to cry, more likely to argue

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9
Q

helicopter parents

A

hover over childre, often past the time when the child should be independent

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10
Q

changing family system

A

1950s: nuclear family, 2 heterosexual parents and stay at home mother

1960s and on: significant changes, deviations from the norm
ex. divorce, remarriage, maternal employment, daycare, same sex parents

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11
Q

single parent families

A
  • approx. 25% of canadian children
  • either result of divorce or unmarried
  • 37% live below low income line
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12
Q

same sex parents

A

children are no different from children of opposite sex parents in terms of mental health and peer relations
- thru adoption or reproductive tech

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13
Q

divorce

A
  • in canada about 28% of couples divorce; rate peaks in 5th year of marriage
  • increase from 1960 to 1985
  • almost half of divorces involve children
  • major factors: changes in laws and social norms
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14
Q

effects of divorce on children

A
  • the “broken home” is a primary cause of maladjustment and deliquency
  • an unsatisafactory marriage is worth keeping together for the sake of children
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15
Q

immediate consequences of divorce

A
  • sharp drop in income
  • high maternal stress
  • disruption in daily routine
  • less effective parenting
  • maternal stress, depression, anxiety
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16
Q

effects of divorce depends on 2 things

A
  1. childs age
    - younger children tend to blame themselves
    - older children may suffer depression, engage in undesirable behaviour
  2. childs gender
    - boys r at greater risk for serious adjustment problems
    - girls face more long term problems
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17
Q

divorce: long term consequences

A
  • most children show improvment after 2 yrs of divorce
  • effective parenting is the most important for posiitve results
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18
Q

blended families

A
  • being a step parent is more difficult than being a natural parent
  • some may be warmer with biological children
  • asserting authority becomes difficult
19
Q

sibling relationships

A
  • older siblings perceive neglect upon arrival of baby sibling

conflict is minimized when:
1. parents get along
2. parents monitor children activities
3. parents exhibit authoritative style towards all children

20
Q

positive contribiutions to sibling relationships

A
  • emotional support
  • teach new skills to younger siblings
  • modelling behaviours (playtime, household chores)
21
Q

child abuse

A

more commonly:
- physical
- neglect
- exposure to domestic violence

less common:
- psychological
- sexual

22
Q

stats of child abuse

A

Parents commit 80% of incidents
Relatives: 7%
Other: 13%

Neglect: more often mothers
Sexual: more often fathers
18% of cases: parents jointly commit acts

23
Q

quality of fam enviorment more important than family structure

A
  • well structures, safe, monitored
  • authoritative parenting
  • child feels secure, loved, unthreatened, safe to explore and learn
  • eating meals together
24
Q

peers

A

def: two or more people who are operating on similar levels of behavioural complexity

equal status forsters development of social competencies, cooperation

  • typically same age but mixed age peers can provide important skills and experiences
25
Q

parallel play

A

children play beside each other without much interaction (at 1 yr)

26
Q

associative play

A

initiate brief interactions with peers, and imitate actions of others
- children often have different goals

27
Q

cooperative play

A
  • play roles and interact
  • builds social skills, group entry skills
  • hide and seek, games with dolls, fantasy games
28
Q

solitary play

A
  • usually not an indicator of problems
  • wandering aimlessly or hovering over others playing may be reason for concern

ex. solving puzzles, reading, lego

29
Q

friendship selectivity

A

at 8 or 9, children have their first intimate and reciprocal relationships
- emphasize mutual trust and loyalty
- become more selective

30
Q

resemblence bw friends

A
  • tend to be same sexed, similar aged and from the same race or ethnic group
  • have similar interests, attitudes and recreational pursuits

cliques: groups of 4-6 individuals
crowds: larger groups w common labels (ex. jocks, nerds, stoners)

31
Q

children with good friends:

A
  • tend to have higher self esteem
  • are less likely to be lonely or depressed
  • are more likely to engage in prosocial behaviour
32
Q

dating stats

A

average age of adolescent dating: 12-13 yrd

  • by age 16 less than 90% of adolescents have had at least one date
  • by age 18 75% of adolescents have been involved in a steady relationship
33
Q

functions of dating

A

early adolescence:
- establashing behavioural and emotional autonomy
- establish popularity
- learning about self as a relationship partner

late adolescence:
- further development of intimacy
- sexual experimentation
- companionship (w out responsibility of marriage)

34
Q

dating concerns

A

parents: concerned that adolescents will make premature commitments

adolescents:
- sense that may be having more fun if seeing more ppl
- some lack emotional maturity to be exclusive

breaking up = hurt feelings, loss and depression

35
Q

romantic relationships r more likely to involve:

A
  • intense emotions (both positive and neg)
  • sexual activity
  • boundaries r often unclear
  • friends w benefits
  • being exclusive
36
Q

sexual activity during adolescent

A
  • higher rates of oral sex than vaginal or anal intercourse in td generation
  • risks of STI r lower in oral sex
  • majority of canadian adolescents have had sex with at least one partner by end of teen years
37
Q

timing of sexual intiation

A
  • may, june, july more common regardless of romantic involvement
  • peak time is holiday szn in december for serious relationship
38
Q

gender differences for desire of sexual behaviour

A

boys:
- biological factor
- poularity

girls:
- biological factors
- if friends are having sex/attitudes towards that
- family structure (divorced, raised by single mom)

39
Q

contraceptive use

A
  • approx 40% of high school students report not always using a condom

ignorance: lack of knowledge /information about contraception

  • illusion of invulnerability
  • lack of motivation
  • lack of access
40
Q

5 groups of popularity and rejection

A

type of child and peer treatment:

popular = liked
rejected = disliked
controversial = liked & disliked
average = liked & disliked (lower intensity)
neglected = ignored

41
Q

two subtypes of popular children

A
  1. prosocial
    - academic and social competence
  2. antisocial
    - agressive (physically or relationally)
    - seen as cool
    - athletically skilled
    - academic underachievers
42
Q

two subtypes of rejected children

A
  1. agressive
    - poor social skills
    - hyperactive
    - impulsive
    - inattentive
  2. withdrawn
    - highly anxious
    - socially akward
    - passive
43
Q

parental influence on peer contacts

A
  • choose neighbourhood in which children grow up and play
  • choose daycare and schools
  • can choose to engage in direct or indirect supervision
  • parenting styles influence success with peers
44
Q

6 factors that contribute to effective schooling

A
  1. school climate (to be safe and nurturing)
  2. emphasis on academic excellence
  3. parental involvement
  4. mentoring programs
  5. teamwork
  6. authoritative teachers (warm, caring, firm with rules)

PSYCHOLOGY 2040 (14 decks)

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