Chapter Three: Infancy Flashcards
Fetal Monitor
A device that measures the baby’s heartbeat during labor
Episiotomy
An incision sometimes made to increase the size of the opening of the vagina to allow the baby to pass
Dilate
Make or become wiser, larger, or more open
Oxytocin
A hormone released by the pituitary gland that causes increased contraction of the uterus during labor and stimulates the ejection of milk into the ducts of the breasts
Prostaglandins
Any of a group of cyclic fatty acid compounds with varying hormone like effects, notable the promotion of uterine contractions
Cervix
The narrow neck-like passage forming the lower end of the uterus
Braxton-Hicks Contractions
Intermittent weak contractions of the uterus occurring during pregnancy
Term Baby
Born anytime from 37 weeks to 42 weeks, a few weeks before or after the calculated due date
Bayley Scales of Infant Development: 1 Month
Mental Scale: the infant quiets when picked up
Motor Scale: the infant makes a postural adjustment when put to examiner’s shoulders
Bayley Scales of Infant Development: 2 Months
Mental Scale: when examiner presents two objects (bell and rattle) above the Infant in a crib, the Infant glances back and forth from one to another
Motor Scale: the Infant holds holds his or her head steady when being carried about in a vertical position
Bayley Scales of Infant Development: 5 Months
Mental Scale: the infant is observed to transfer an object from one hand to the other during play
Motor Scale: when seated at a feeding-type table and presented with a sugar pill that is out of reach, the Infant attempts to pick it up
Bayley Scales of Infant Development: 8 Months
Mental Scale: when an object in plain view of the Infant is covered by a cup, the Infant removes the cup to retrieve the object
Motor Scale: the Infant raises herself or himself into a sitting position
Bayley Scales of Infant Development: 12 Months
Mental Scale: the Infant imitates words that are spoken by the examiner
Motor Scale: when requested by the examiner, the Infant stands up from a position in which she or her had been lying on her or his back on the floor
Bayley Scales of Infant Development: 14-16 Months
Mental Scale: the Infant builds a tower with two cubes after the examiner demonstrates the behavior
Motor Scale: the Infant walks alone with good coordination
Baby Blues
Maternal depression
About 4 in 5 mothers
Symptoms:
Feeling let down; crying for no apparent reason; impatience, irritability, restlessness, anxiety
Occurs in first weeks and disappears on its own
Postpartum Depression (PPD)
Maternal Depression
About 1 in 5 mothers
Symptoms: frequent sadness, crying helplessness, thoughts of suicide, anxiety, panic, feelings of inadequacy, quilt, shame; changes in appetite; insomnia or hypersomnia, fatigue; lack of feeling for baby or excessive concern for baby; irritability; difficulty concentrating; frightening feelings, thoughts, images, loss of interest in sex
Occurs within days of delivery or gradually during the first year
Postpartum Psychosis
Maternal depression
About 1 in 1,000 mothers
Symptoms: hallucinations; severe insomnia; agitation; bizarre feelings or behavior
Occurs within a few weeks after delivery; an emergency that requires help
Neonates
The term used for newborn
Cesarean Section
A birth in which the baby is surgically removed from the uterus, rather than traveling through the birth canal
Anoxia
A restriction of oxygen to the baby, lasting a few minutes during the birth process, which can produce cognitive defects
Preterm Infants
Infants who are born prior to 38 weeks after conception (also known as premature infants)
Bonding
Close physical and emotional contact between parent and child during the period immediately following birth
Apgar Scale
A standard measurement system that looks for a variety of indications of good health in newborns (see chart)
Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)
Used to measure neonates’ reflexes and other behavior patterns Motor behavior Response to stress Adaptive behavior Control over physiological state
Reflexes
Simple, automatic, stereotypical responses elicited by certain types of stimulation
Visual Impairment
A difficulty in seeing that may include blindness or partial sightedness
Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep
The period of sleep that is found in older children and adults and is associated with dreaming
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
The unexplained death of a seemingly heathy baby
Midwife
A person trained to assist women in childbirth
Anesthetic
A substance that induces insensitivity to pain
General Anesthesia
Anesthesia that affects the whole body and usually induced a loss of consciousness
Local Anesthesia
Anesthesia that affects a restricted area of the body
Natural Childbirth
Childbirth with minimal medical or technological intervention, usually involving special breathing and relaxation techniques
Lamaze Method
A method of childbirth involving exercises and breathing control to give pain relief without drugs
Hypoxia
Deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues
Breech Birth
A delivery of a baby so positioned in the uterus that the buttocks or feet are delivered first
Vernix
A greasy deposit covering the skin of a baby at birth
Respiratory Disease Syndrome
A condition in newborn babies in which the lungs are deficient in surfactant, preventing their proper expansion and causing the formation of hyaline material in the lung spaces
Incubator
An enclosed apparatus providing a controlled environment for the care and protection of premature or unusually small babies
Postpartum
Following childbirth or the birth of young
Neonate Reflexes
Demonstrate the neural functioning of neonate
Absence or weakness of a Reflex may indicate immaturity, slowed responsiveness, brain injury, or retardation
Rooting reflex, Moro reflex, grasping reflex, babinski reflex, tonic-neck reflex
Pacifier
A rubber or plastic nipple for a baby to suck on
Rooting Reflex
Baby turns head and mouth toward a stimulus that strokes the cheek, chin, or corner of the moth; important for locating mother’s nibble in preparation for sucking; can be lost if not stimulated
Moro Reflex
Back arches, and the legs and arms are flung out and then brought back towards the chest, with the arms in a hugging motion; can be elicited when baby’s position is changed or when support for the head and neck is lost; can be elicited by loud noises bumping the baby’s crib, or jerking the baby’s blanket; lost within 6 to 7 months after birth; absence of Moro Reflex indicates immaturity or brain damage
Grasping Reflex (Palmar Reflex)
Refers to the increasing tendency to reflexively grasp fingers or other objects pressed against the palms of hand; babies support their own weight this way
Stepping Reflex
Mimics walking; demonstrates 1-2 days after birth and disappears 3-4 months of age
Babinski Reflex
Occurs when underside of foot form heel to toes is stroked; toes are fanned or spread
Tonic-Neck Reflex
Observed when baby is lying on its back and turns head from one side
Milestones is Language Development: 24 Months
Vocabulary more than 50 words, naming everything in the environment.
Spontaneous creation of two-word sentences.
Clear efforts to communicate.
Milestones is Language Development: 18 Months
Repertoire of 3-50 words.
Explosive vocabulary growth.
Babbling consists of serval syllables with intricate intonation.
Little effort to communicate information.
Little joining of words into spontaneous two-word utterances.
Understands nearly everything spoken.
Milestones is Language Development: 12 Months
Identical sound sequences replicated more often.
Words (e.g. mamma or dada) emerge.
Many words and requests understood (e.g., “Show me your eyes”).
Milestones is Language Development: 10 Months
Vocalizations mixed with sound play, such as gurgling, bubble blowing.
Makes effort to imitate sounds made by older people with mixed success.
Milestones is Language Development: 8 Months
Continuous repetition (reduplication) enters into babbling. Patterns of intonation become distinct. Utterances can signal emphasis and emotion.
Milestones is Language Development: 6 Months
Cooing changes to single-syllable babbling.
Neither vowels nor consonants have fixed pattern of recurrence.
Common utterances sound somewhat like ma, mu, da, or di.
Milestones is Language Development: 20 Weeks
Cooing becomes interspersed with consonant-like sounds.
Vocalizations differ from the sounds of mature language.
Milestones is Language Development: 16 Weeks
Responds to human sounds more definitely.
Turns head, searching for speaker.
Chuckles occasionally.
Milestones is Language Development: 12 Weeks
Cries less.
Smiles when talked to and nodded at.
Engages in squealing and gurgling sounds (cooing).
Sustains cooing for 15-20 seconds.
Milestones is Language Development: Birth
Cries
States of Sleep and Wakefulness in Infancy: Quiet Sleep (non-REM)
Regular breathing, eyes closed, no movement
States of Sleep and Wakefulness in Infancy: Active Sleep (REM)
Irregular breathing, eyes closed, rapid eye movement, muscle twitiches
States of Sleep and Wakefulness in Infancy: Drowsiness
Regular or irregular breathing, eyes open or closed, little movement
States of Sleep and Wakefulness in Infancy: Alert Inactivity
Regular breathing, eyes open, looking around, little body movement
States of Sleep and Wakefulness in Infancy: Alert Activity
Irregular breathing, eyes open, active body movement
States of Sleep and Wakefulness in Infancy: Crying
Irregular breathing, eyes open or closed, thrashing of arms and legs, crying
Attachment
an affectional bond shown by seeking closeness with another and distress upon separation
Seperation Anxiety
fear of separation from a target of attachment
Secure Attachment
a type of attachment shown by mild distress at leave-takings and being readily soothed at reunion
Avoidant Attachment
a type of insecure attachment shown by apparent indifference to leave-takings and reunions with an attachment figure
Ambivalent/Resistant Attachment
A type of insecure attachment shown by dazed and contradictory behaviors toward an attachment figure
Indiscriminate Attachment
the display of attachment behaviors toward any person
Initial Preattachment Phase
the first phase in development of attachment characterized by indiscriminate attachment
Attachment-In-The-Making Phase
the second phase in development of attachment characterized by preference for familiar figures
Clear-Cut Attachment Phase
the third phase in development of attachment characterized by intensified dependence on the primary caregiver
Contact Comfort
the pleasure derived from physical contact with another
Ethologist
a scientist who studies the behavior patterns characteristic of various species
Social Smile
a smile that occurs in response to a human voice or face
Critical Period
a period during which imprinting can occur
Imprinting
the process by which waterfowl become attached to the first moving object they follow
Mutism
refusal to speak
Echolalia
automatic repetition of sounds or words
Social Referencing
using another person’s reaction to a situation to form one’s own response
Emotional Regulation
techniques for controlling one’s emotional states
Separation/Individuation
the process of becoming separate from and independent of the mother
Temperament
individual difference in style of reaction that’s present early in life
Goodness of Fit
agreement between parents’ expectations of a child and the child’s temperament
