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BIO 1000; Lecture: Exam 1 > Chapter: The Chemistry 0rganic Molecules > Flashcards

Chapter: The Chemistry 0rganic Molecules Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does an organic molecule contain?

A

Carbon and Hydrogen

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2
Q

How many electrons does carbon have.

A

6

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3
Q

What is a carbon chain of organic molecules called?

A

A skeleton or backbone

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4
Q

What is a function group?

A

A cluster of specific atoms that always react in the same way.

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5
Q

What is an isomer?

A

Two molecules with same chemical formula but different structures.

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6
Q

Different functional groups do what?

A

Act differently.

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7
Q

How are monomers combined?

A

Through dehydration reaction

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8
Q

How do dehydration occur?

A

Take out the h2o

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9
Q

How are polymers broken apart?

A

Through hydrolysis reactions (Add H2O)

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10
Q

What are the 4 major biomolecules?

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Protein
Nucleic

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11
Q

What is the common carbohydrate ration?

A

1: 2: 3

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12
Q

What kind of energy source is carbohydrates?

A

Quick energy source.

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13
Q

monomers = ?

A

Monosaccharide

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14
Q

Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide =

A

Disaccharide

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15
Q

What type of bonding does inorganic molecules typically have?

A

Ionic bonding

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16
Q

What is inorganic molecules typically associated with?

A

Nonliving matter

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17
Q

When is a molecule considered organic?

A

Carbon and hydrogen

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18
Q

How many atoms can carbon bond up to?

A

4 other atoms

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19
Q

C-C bonds are very _______

A

Stable

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20
Q

What is a functional group

A

A cluster of atoms that always react in the same way.

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21
Q

What is a carbon chain of organic molecules?

A

Skeleton or backbone

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22
Q

All organic functional groups are what?

A

Hydrophilic or will absorb in water

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23
Q

When a organic functional groups attaches to a carbon skeleton what happens?

A

The carbon skeleton becomes polar.

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24
Q

What are isomers?

A

Two molecules with same chemical formula but different structures.

Remember = Different functional groups act differently.

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25
Q

What is a monomer?

A

1 subunit

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26
Q

What is a polymer?

A

many monomers linked together

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27
Q

Hydrolysis reaction vs. dehydration reaction.

A

Hydrolysis = Polymers are broken apart through the addition of h2o

Dehydration = Monomers are connected to create a polymer through the extraction of h2o

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28
Q

Carbohydrates are a what type of energy source?

A

A quick energy source?

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29
Q

True or False

Carbohydrates work as a structure (Structural support).

A

True

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30
Q

What is the monomer name for carbohydrate?

A

Monosaccharide

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31
Q

Whats is the main source of energy for our cells?

A

Glucose

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32
Q

What is our main monosaccharide we should know about?

A

GLucose

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33
Q

What is glucose written formula?

A

C6H12O6

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34
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

Two sugars combined

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35
Q

How is a disaccharide combined?

A

Through a dehydration reaction of two monosaccharides

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36
Q

Carbohydrates two main functions are what?

A

Quick Energy source and Structural cell support.

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37
Q

What are the 2 main energy sources of plants and animals?

A

Plants: Starched (Amylose and Amylopectin)

Animals: Glycogen

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38
Q

How is a disaccharide broken apart?

A

Through a hydrolysis reaction (Adding h2o)

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39
Q

Is amylose branched or nonbranched?

A

Nonbranched

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40
Q

What are the two types of starches in plants

A

Amylose & Amylopectin

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41
Q

What is the energy storage for plants?

A

Starch

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42
Q

Is glycogen branched or non branched?

A

Highly branched

43
Q

Is amylopectin branched or non branched?

A

Branched

44
Q

Animals have what type of storage?

A

glycogen

45
Q

What are the 3 structural polysaccharides?

A

Cellulose
Chitin
Peptidoglycan

46
Q

What cells does cellulose work as structural molecules?

A

Plants Cell Wall

47
Q

What cells does chitin work as structural molecules?

A

Animals and fungi

48
Q

What cells does peptidoglycan work as structural molecules?

A

Bacteria

49
Q

What are fats, oils, and phospholipids?

A

Lipids

50
Q

Are lips polar or nonpolar?

A

Nonpolar

51
Q

What kind of energy source are lipids?

A

Long term energy storage

52
Q

Who makes oils?

A

Plants

53
Q

Who makes fats?

A

animals

54
Q

What is a triglyceride?

A

A long term energy storage consists of glycerol and fatty acids.

Includes fats and oils

55
Q

What kind of fat contains single covalent bonds?

A

Saturated fat

56
Q

What kind of fats contains double covalent bonds?

A

Unsaturated fats

57
Q

What could we group fats and oils into?

A

Triglycerides

58
Q

If it is made by a plant then we call it what type of lipid?

A

Oil

59
Q

If it is made by an animal we call it what type of lipid?

A

Fat

60
Q

What does a phospholipid do?

A

Helps create the membrane components

61
Q

What is the structure’s of phospholipids; polar or nonpolar; hydrophobic or hydrophllic?

A

Phosphate + glycerol = Polar Head = Hydrophilic

Fatty Acids = Tails = Hydrophobic

62
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A

Structure, enzyme, nutrient transport, defense, regulation, motion

63
Q

Protiens are polymers of what?

A

Amino Acid

64
Q

What is an amino group?

A

H2N or H3N

Hydrogen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen

65
Q

What is an acid group?

A

COOH

Carbon, Oxygen, Oxygen, Hydrogen

66
Q

Is a protein an organic molecule? If so, why?

A

It contains carbon and hydrogen.

67
Q

How to identify amino acid?

A

1) Carbon?
2) Hydrogen?
3) Amino group? (Hydrogen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen)
4) Acid Group? (Carbon, Oxygen, Oxygen, Hydrogen)

68
Q

How are amino acids combined?

A

Through dehydration reaction.

69
Q

When a dehydration reaction occurs between amino acids, what type of bond is formed?

A

A covalent petide bond.

70
Q

Explain a peptide bond.

A

A covalent bond formed between two amino acids created through dehydration reactions.

71
Q

Partial charges in molecules of peptide indicated what?

A

Potential hydrogen bonds.

72
Q

What is a peptide?

A

Two or more amino acids

73
Q

What is a dipeptide?

A

Two peptides

74
Q

What are many peptides called?

A

Polypeptides

75
Q

What is protein?

A

polypeptides that have been folded into a particular shape and has functions

76
Q

What bonds do polypeptide bonds make with each other through protein organization?

A

All of the bonds: Covalent, Ionic, Hydrogen

77
Q

What is the term for when protein is its correct 3D shape?

A

Native conformation

78
Q

What is protein that has lost its natural shape?

A

Denatured

79
Q

Are denatured proteins functional?

A

No

80
Q

Are hydrogen bonds sensitive to pH and temperature?

Why is this important to know?

A

Yes

This is how protein structures are denatured.

81
Q

What is native conformation of protein?

A

The correct 3D shape!

82
Q

What are the polymers of Nucleic Acids?

A

Nucleotides

83
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

84
Q

What does RNA mean?

A

ribonucleic acid

85
Q

What shape is Deixyribonucleic acid?

A

Double helix

86
Q

What shape is ribonucleic acid?

A

Single stranded

87
Q

What is the intermediated between DNA and protein?

A

RNA

88
Q

What are nucleotides?

A

Monomers of nucleic acids

89
Q

What is the component of nucleotides?

A

Pentose sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen-containing base.

90
Q

What kind of sugar is in DNA?

A

Deoxyribose

91
Q

What kind of sugar is in RNA?

A

Ribose

92
Q

What are the pyridines?

What is the mnemonic?

How many rings?

A

Pyridines sound like a pyramid and a point of a pyramid is super sharp, so sharp that you could CUT yourself on it. C.U.T.

cytosine
thymine
uracil

1

93
Q

What are the purines?

How many rings?

A

Adenine
Guanine

2

94
Q

Where does uracil belong?

A

RNA

95
Q

What nucleic acid does RNA only contain?

A

Uracil

96
Q

What are the complementary base pairing rules in double-stranded DNA?

A 
G = C
A = t
Guanine = cytosine 
Adenine = thymine
97
Q

Where is uracil located?

A

In RNA

98
Q

RNA does not contain what?

A

Thymine

99
Q

DNA contains what, that RNA does not contain?

A

thymine

100
Q

True or false?

ATP is a nucleotide?

A

Trie

101
Q

What is ATP?

A

A high-energy molecule

102
Q

How is ATP created

A

The last phosphate ripped off and creates energy

Phosphates are negatively charged; therefore, when together through a covalent bond they try to escape, and when they do through hydrolysis reaction the last phosphate is ripped off and a big energy burst happens. Or, energy can be stored through dehydration reaction and is forced back onto

103
Q

What are the big six?

A

C, H, O, N, P, S

BIO 1000; Lecture: Exam 1 (3 decks)

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