CHAPTER TEN: INTRO TO ORGANIC CHEM- ALCANES

Question 1

INORGANIC Chemistry involves compounds containing _______.

ORGANIC Chemistry involves the study of _______ compounds.

Answer 1

minerals.

carbon

Question 2

What are 3 characteristics of organic compounds?

Answer 2

1. low melting point/boiling point
2. not soluble in water/ less dense in water
3. burn vigorously in the air
4. contain carbon, hydrogen

Question 3

What is a SATURATED HYDROCARBON?

Answer 3

When all the bonds in the molecules are single bonds

Question 4

What are the ALKANES?

Answer 4

a class of hydrocarbons in which the atoms are connected only by single bonds

Question 5

What is the ALKANE with ONE carbon atom?

Answer 5

Methane CH4 CH4

Question 6

What is the ALKANE with TWO carbon atoms?

Answer 6

Ethane C2H6 CH3-CH3

Question 7

What is the ALKANE with THREE carbon atoms?

Answer 7

Propane C3H8 CH3-CH2-CH3

Question 8

What is the ALKANE with FOUR carbon atoms?

Answer 8

Butane C4H10 CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3

Question 9

What is the ALKANE with FIVE carbon atoms?

Answer 9

Pentane C5H12 keep adding a CH2 each time, in the center

Question 10

What is the ALKANE with SIX carbon atoms?

Answer 10

Hexane C6H14

Question 11

What is the ALKANE with SEVEN carbon atoms?

Answer 11

Heptane C7H16

Question 12

What is the ALKANE with EIGHT carbon atoms?

Answer 12

Octane C8H18

Question 13

What is the ALKANE with NINE carbon atoms?

Answer 13

Nonane C9H20

Question 14

What is the ALKANE with TEN carbon atoms?

Answer 14

Decane C10H22

Question 15

In an ALKANE, what are CONFIRMATIONS?

Answer 15

The groups attached to each carbon atom are not in fixed positions. These different arrangements are called confirmations and occur during the rotation about a single bond.

Question 16

What are CYCLOALKANES?

Answer 16

The hydrocarbons which have 2 fewer hydrogen atoms than the corresponding alkanes.

Example: cyclopropane C3H6

Question 17

What is an ISOMER?

Answer 17

Two compounds have the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms.

Question 18

What is a SUBSTITUENT?

Answer 18

A branch

Question 19

What is an ALKYL GROUP?

Answer 19

An ALKANE that is missing one hydrogen atom.

Ex: Instead of methane, it is methyl.

Question 20

What is a HALO GROUP?

Answer 20

When a halogen is attached to a carbon chain.

Question 21

What is a HALOALKANE?

Also known as….

Answer 21

Halogen atoms replace hydrogen atoms in an alkane.

alkyl halides

Question 22

Which ALKANES are gases at room temperature?

Answer 22

1-4 (methane, ethane, propane, butane)

Question 23

Which ALKANES are liquids at room temperature and highly volatile?

Answer 23

5-8

Question 24

Which ALKANES are liquids at room temperature and have higher boiling points?

Answer 24

9-17

Question 25

Are ALKANES soluble?

Answer 25

Not in water, but they are in nonpolar solvents such as other alkanes.

Question 26

Are ALKANES polar or non polar?

Answer 26

Nonpolar

Question 27

What is the density range for ALKANES?

What is the density of WATER?

Answer 27

0.62 g/mL to about 0.79 g/mL, which is less dense than water (1.0 g/mL)

Question 28

The carbon-carbon single bonds in ALKANES are _______ to break, which makes them the _____ reactive family organic compounds.

Answer 28

DIFFICULT

LEAST

Question 29

How many covalent bonds does each of these elements in organic compounds make?

• carbon
• hydrogen
• nitrogen
• oxygen
• sulfur

Answer 29

Carbon= 4
Hydrogen= 1
Nitrogen= 3
Oxygen= 2
Sulfur= 2

Question 30

What is a FUNCTIONAL GROUP?

Answer 30

Organic compounds are organized according to specific groups of atoms called FUNCTIONAL GROUPS.

Compounds that have the same functional groups have similar properties.

Question 31

What is an ALKENE?

Answer 31

It contains at least one double bond, which forms when two adjacent carbon atoms share two pairs of valence electrons.

Question 32

What is an ALKYNE?

Answer 32

A triple bond forms when two carbon atoms share 3 pairs of valence electrons.

Question 33

What are UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS?

Answer 33

Alkenes and Alkynes, because they contain double or triple bonds.

Question 34

What are AROMATIC COMPOUNDS?

Answer 34

Example: benzene…has a ring of 6 carbon atoms with one hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon. (hexagon with a circle in center)

Often have fragrant odors.

Question 35

In an ALCOHOL, a ___________ group replaces a _______ atom in a hydrocarbon.

Answer 35

HYDROXYL (-OH); hydrogen

Example: CH3-CH2-OH (alcohol)

Question 36

A THIOL contains the __________ group bonded to a carbon atom.

Answer 36

FUNCTIONAL group (-SH)

Example: CH3-CH2-SH

Many have strong, often unpleasant odors like garlic and cheese.

Question 37

An ETHER contains an ______ atom bonded to two _______ atoms.

Answer 37

oxygen; carbon

Example: CH3-O-CH3
The oxygen atoms also has two unshared pairs of electrons (not shown in formulas)

Question 38

ALDEHYDES and KETONES contain a __________ group which consists of a _______ atom attached to an ______ atom with a double bond.

Answer 38

CARBONYL (C=O), carbon, oxygen

See page 373 for example

Question 39

In an ALDEHYDE, the _______ atom of the CARBONYL GROUP is bonded to a ______ atom.

Answer 39

carbon, hydrogen

Question 40

In a KETONE, the ______ atom of the CARBONYL group is bonded to two _____ atoms.

Answer 40

carbon, carbon

Question 41

In CARBOXYLIC ACIDS, the functional group is the ___________ group, which is a combination of the _______ and ________ groups.

Answer 41

carboxyl group

carbonyl and hydroxyl

Question 42

An ESTER is similar to a carboxylic acid, except that the _______ of the carbonyl group is attached to a _______ and not to _______.

Answer 42

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen

fragrances of perfumes and flowers, and the flavors of fruits.

Question 43

AMINES are derivatives of _______ in which carbon groups replace 1, 2 or 3 of the _____ atoms.

Answer 43

ammonia (NH3), hydrogen

fish

Question 44

In an AMIDE, the ________ group of a carboxylic acid is replaced by a _______ group.

Answer 44

hydroxyl, nitrogen group