CHAPTER TEN: INTRO TO ORGANIC CHEM- ALCANES Flashcards
INORGANIC Chemistry involves compounds containing _______.
ORGANIC Chemistry involves the study of _______ compounds.
minerals.
carbon
What are 3 characteristics of organic compounds?
- low melting point/boiling point
- not soluble in water/ less dense in water
- burn vigorously in the air
- contain carbon, hydrogen
What is a SATURATED HYDROCARBON?
When all the bonds in the molecules are single bonds
What are the ALKANES?
a class of hydrocarbons in which the atoms are connected only by single bonds
What is the ALKANE with ONE carbon atom?
Methane CH4 CH4
What is the ALKANE with TWO carbon atoms?
Ethane C2H6 CH3-CH3
What is the ALKANE with THREE carbon atoms?
Propane C3H8 CH3-CH2-CH3
What is the ALKANE with FOUR carbon atoms?
Butane C4H10 CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
What is the ALKANE with FIVE carbon atoms?
Pentane C5H12 keep adding a CH2 each time, in the center
What is the ALKANE with SIX carbon atoms?
Hexane C6H14
What is the ALKANE with SEVEN carbon atoms?
Heptane C7H16
What is the ALKANE with EIGHT carbon atoms?
Octane C8H18
What is the ALKANE with NINE carbon atoms?
Nonane C9H20
What is the ALKANE with TEN carbon atoms?
Decane C10H22
In an ALKANE, what are CONFIRMATIONS?
The groups attached to each carbon atom are not in fixed positions. These different arrangements are called confirmations and occur during the rotation about a single bond.
What are CYCLOALKANES?
The hydrocarbons which have 2 fewer hydrogen atoms than the corresponding alkanes.
Example: cyclopropane C3H6
What is an ISOMER?
Two compounds have the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms.
What is a SUBSTITUENT?
A branch
What is an ALKYL GROUP?
An ALKANE that is missing one hydrogen atom.
Ex: Instead of methane, it is methyl.
What is a HALO GROUP?
When a halogen is attached to a carbon chain.
What is a HALOALKANE?
Also known as….
Halogen atoms replace hydrogen atoms in an alkane.
alkyl halides
Which ALKANES are gases at room temperature?
1-4 (methane, ethane, propane, butane)
Which ALKANES are liquids at room temperature and highly volatile?
5-8
Which ALKANES are liquids at room temperature and have higher boiling points?
9-17
Are ALKANES soluble?
Not in water, but they are in nonpolar solvents such as other alkanes.
Are ALKANES polar or non polar?
Nonpolar
What is the density range for ALKANES?
What is the density of WATER?
0.62 g/mL to about 0.79 g/mL, which is less dense than water (1.0 g/mL)
The carbon-carbon single bonds in ALKANES are _______ to break, which makes them the _____ reactive family organic compounds.
DIFFICULT
LEAST
How many covalent bonds does each of these elements in organic compounds make?
- carbon
- hydrogen
- nitrogen
- oxygen
- sulfur
Carbon= 4 Hydrogen= 1 Nitrogen= 3 Oxygen= 2 Sulfur= 2
What is a FUNCTIONAL GROUP?
Organic compounds are organized according to specific groups of atoms called FUNCTIONAL GROUPS.
Compounds that have the same functional groups have similar properties.
What is an ALKENE?
It contains at least one double bond, which forms when two adjacent carbon atoms share two pairs of valence electrons.
What is an ALKYNE?
A triple bond forms when two carbon atoms share 3 pairs of valence electrons.
What are UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS?
Alkenes and Alkynes, because they contain double or triple bonds.
What are AROMATIC COMPOUNDS?
Example: benzene…has a ring of 6 carbon atoms with one hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon. (hexagon with a circle in center)
Often have fragrant odors.
In an ALCOHOL, a ___________ group replaces a _______ atom in a hydrocarbon.
HYDROXYL (-OH); hydrogen
Example: CH3-CH2-OH (alcohol)
A THIOL contains the __________ group bonded to a carbon atom.
FUNCTIONAL group (-SH)
Example: CH3-CH2-SH
Many have strong, often unpleasant odors like garlic and cheese.
An ETHER contains an ______ atom bonded to two _______ atoms.
oxygen; carbon
Example: CH3-O-CH3
The oxygen atoms also has two unshared pairs of electrons (not shown in formulas)
ALDEHYDES and KETONES contain a __________ group which consists of a _______ atom attached to an ______ atom with a double bond.
CARBONYL (C=O), carbon, oxygen
See page 373 for example
In an ALDEHYDE, the _______ atom of the CARBONYL GROUP is bonded to a ______ atom.
carbon, hydrogen
In a KETONE, the ______ atom of the CARBONYL group is bonded to two _____ atoms.
carbon, carbon
In CARBOXYLIC ACIDS, the functional group is the ___________ group, which is a combination of the _______ and ________ groups.
carboxyl group
carbonyl and hydroxyl
An ESTER is similar to a carboxylic acid, except that the _______ of the carbonyl group is attached to a _______ and not to _______.
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen
fragrances of perfumes and flowers, and the flavors of fruits.
AMINES are derivatives of _______ in which carbon groups replace 1, 2 or 3 of the _____ atoms.
ammonia (NH3), hydrogen
fish
In an AMIDE, the ________ group of a carboxylic acid is replaced by a _______ group.
hydroxyl, nitrogen group
