chapter ten Flashcards
chapter ten: youth corrections going to jail
After reading this chapter about the historical foundations of youth institutions in Canada, legislative provisions, and institutional profiles and programs, students will:
- Know the history of juvenile institutions in Canada, from prisons to industrial training schools and correctional centres.
- Have a profile of the use of custody.
- Understand Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA) provisions for custody and supervision.
- Know different types of correctional programs, their objectives and philosophies, as well as their successes and failures.
- Understand issues associated with program and legislative philosophies.
The number of youth involved in the system that is commonly referred to as correctional correctional services can be measured in different ways.
correctional services: custodial institutions and probation services for youth offenders in canada
the latter statistics are reported in three ways:
as average daily counts, as a monthly average of daily counts, and as total number of admissions.
counts
Counts give us an indication of how many youth are in the system on any one day or in any one month.
admissions
Admissions refer to the number of youth who have gone through the system in any one year.
- So, for example, for the year 2010–2011 (the most recent for which statistics are available), a total of 24,871 youth were admitted under supervision as a result of a probation sentence. In any one month, though, there were 12,141 youth under supervision. Meanwhile, the rate of probation is 71 per 10,000 youth 12 to 17 years of age, a 14 percent decrease from five years ago (Munch, 2012, pp. 12, 17–18).
why is it important to understand and interpret statistics?
Admission figures are a measure of how many youth are moving through custody, receiving programs, and experiencing the system.
Counts tell us about capacity and are of use to the correctional institutions and probation officials for administrative and operational purposes; when counts are higher than admissions, it suggests that youth are entering the system faster than they are being released.
Rates are a reflection of the youth population as a whole and make sense when we are interested in police crime statistics. Correctional rates can be compared with crime rates to understand how young offenders are sanctioned or to compare changes from year to year or between jurisdictions to see if some provinces or territories are more or less likely than others to use custody or probation.
rates also enable statements about how many from the entire Canadian youth population are locked up or are under probation supervision over a given period of time.
see textbook and table 10.1
remand
to hold an accused person in a prison or detention facility prior to a court appearance or trial, or while awaiting sentence (pretrial detention)
10.2 custody and detention “fast facts” 2010-2011
see textbook
(historical foundations)
The foundation for the practice of institutionalizing Canadian youth separately from adults was laid in 1857 with the passage of the Act for Establishing Prisons for Young Offenders.
what was the intention of establishing prisons for young offenders?
The first institution was opened at Îsle aux Noix on the Richelieu River in October 1858, and the second at Penetanguishene on Georgian Bay in August 1859. Both institutions had formerly been used as army barracks.
The intention was to provide a better environment for youth than was to be found in adult penitentiaries. While both boys and girls were sent to Îsle aux Noix, only boys were detained at Penetanguishene (Carrigan, 1991, pp. 405–406).
Notwithstanding all of the good intentions, both institutions reportedly “fell short of expectations” and became “primarily institutions of work and punishment” (Carrigan, 1991, p. 406).
> from reformatories to industrial schools
In 1867, J.M. Langmuir was appointed as Ontario’s first Inspector of Prisons, Asylums, and Public Charities. He began with a campaign to change correctional philosophy and policy regarding youth.
what was J.M Langmuir’s philosophy and policy regarding youth
His efforts were instrumental in changing Penetanguishene from a “reformatory prison” to a “reformatory for boys,” with a mandate to foster the “education, industrial training and moral reclamation of juvenile delinquents”
Meanwhile, efforts were under way in other parts of the country to provide institutions that would serve as places of reform for all children in need—the poor and the neglected as well as the delinquent
children in need would be prevented from becoming criminals if they received what?
Children in need would be prevented from becoming criminals, it was argued, if they received care and education and were taught a trade through industrial training.
halifax protestant industrial school
Halifax was one of the first cities to develop an institution that provided those things. ^^
The Halifax Protestant Industrial School (established 1864) and the St. Patrick’s Industrial School for Catholic Boys (established 1865) were followed by the Monastery of the Good Shepherd, an Industrial School for Roman Catholic Girls. Ontario’s first industrial schools were the Victoria Industrial School for Boys (established 1887) and the Alexandra Industrial School for Girls (established 1892).
By 1927, a total of 24 industrial schools were spread across the country—nine in Quebec, five in Ontario, four in Nova Scotia, two in British Columbia, two in Manitoba, and one each in Saskatchewan and New Brunswick
what was their routines
All had similar routines: half of each day was spent in school and half in learning a trade. Boys typically received training in carpentry, shoemaking, cooking and baking, and farm and garden work; girls were taught sewing, knitting, crocheting, dressmaking, shoemaking, and domestic science (Carrigan, 1991, p. 422; Sutherland, 1976, p. 137).
> training schools
Officially designated as “industrial training schools” at the turn of the 20th century, these institutions came to be known as simply training schools
> a common term for juvenile correctional institutions before the introduction of the YOA
one of the major reasons for declining rates in the use of training schools was that
One of the major reasons for declining rates in the use of training schools was that provinces began to restrict their use. In the early 1970s, British Columbia abolished the use of secure custody and then, as if anticipating the Young Offenders Act, reintroduced it in 1977, but this reintroduced custody was to be used only for “hardcore” offenders and for the purpose of “protection of society.”
Ontario also restricted the use of training schools; only youth who had committed an offence for which an adult would be sentenced to prison could be sentenced to custody. The development of community programs and group homes in the 1970s further reduced the use of training schools (Markwart, 1992, p. 232).
> youth centres
Correctional systems for young people underwent structural and procedural changes with the introduction of the YOA.two
Two levels of custody were established, secure and open, and the court was required to set the level of custody at sentencing.
what’s secure and what’s open
secure: a form of youth custody under the YOA that required more restrictions on movement, both within and outside an institution
open: a form of youth custody under the YOA that required fewer restrictions on movement, both within anf outside an institution, than was required for secure custody
how is there a considerable variation in facilities across the country?
When sentenced for a murder conviction in youth court, a set period of community supervision was also required after a youth was released from custody. While the court established level of custody, provinces were given the power to designate which of their facilities would classify as open (limited restrictions on movement) or secure (maximum restrictions on movement). Hence, there was considerable variation in facilities across the country.
ex: newfoundland and labrador
In Newfoundland and Labrador, for example, the Department of Social Services Division of Youth Corrections was responsible for carrying out the sentence of the court. This department has two divisions—Community Correctional Services and Secure Custody and Remand Services. Community Correctional Services was responsible for alternative measures, non-custodial supervision programs, and open-custody services and facilities. Newfoundland and Labrador’s open-custody facilities consisted of eight group homes, three assessment centres, and foster homes. There were two facilities for secure custody and remand—the Newfoundland and Labrador Youth Centre in Whitbourne and the Pleasantville Youth Centre in St. John’s. In 1994–1995, funding was allocated for an additional regional youth centre in Corner Brook (Newfoundland and Labrador, 1996).
ex: british columbia
n British Columbia, youth institutions and other young offender programs such as probation and alternative measures came under the jurisdiction of the Ministry for Children and Families. British Columbia had five secure-custody centres—one on Vancouver Island, one in Vancouver, one in the Fraser Valley, one in the Interior, and one in the North Region. There were seven open-custody facilities, one in each region and three in Vancouver. There were also three community-based residential centres (CBRCs) in the province.
ex: ontario and nova scotia
Ontario and Nova Scotia were unique in that the implementation of the YOA created a split jurisdiction over young offenders, resulting in 12- to 15-year-olds being processed differently from 16- to 17-year-olds. In both provinces, 16- to 17-year-olds remained under the jurisdiction of adult corrections and 12- to 15-year-olds under the jurisdiction of the youth system. Courts were also operated separately. Youth under 15 were processed under the family court, as they had been under the Juvenile Delinquents Act. Youth aged 16 to 17 were processed in adult court under YOA restrictions; the court was referred to as “youth court” when young offender cases were heard. Both provinces have since moved to have all young offenders processed through the family court.
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