Chapter Six: Memory

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

the retention of information or experience over time, three major processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval.

Question 2

Encoding

Answer 2

the process in which information gets into memory.

Question 3

Levels of Processing

Answer 3

a continuum from shallow to intermediate to deep, with deeper processing producing better memory.

Question 4

Shallow Processing

Answer 4

physical and perceptual features are analyzed. the lines, angles, and contour that makeup the physical appearance of an object.

Question 5

Intermediate Processing

Answer 5

stimulus is recognized and labeled.

Question 6

Deep Processing

Answer 6

semantic, meaningful, symbolic characteristics.

Question 7

Elaboration

Answer 7

refers to the number of different connections that are made around a stimulus at any gain level of memory encoding.

Question 8

Storage

Answer 8

encompasses how information is retained over time and how it is represented in memory.

Question 9

Atkinson-Shiffrin Theory

Answer 9

states that memory storage involves three separate systems; Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory, and Long-Term Memory.

Question 10

Sensory Memory

Answer 10

holds information from the world in its original sensory form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses.

Question 11

Short-Term Memory

Answer 11

time frames up to 30 seconds, unless we use strategies to retain it longer such as chunking and rehearsal.

Question 12

Working Memory

Answer 12

a three-part system that allows us to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks.

Question 13

Long-Term Memory

Answer 13

a relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information for a long time.

Question 14

Explicit Memory

Answer 14

the conscious recollection of information such as facts and events.

Question 15

Episodic Memory

Answer 15

the retention of information about the where, when and what of life’s happenings.

Question 16

Semantic Memory

Answer 16

a person’s knowledge about the world such as expertise, general knowledge of what you’re learning in school, and everyday knowledge about the meaning of words, famous individuals, important places, and common things.

Question 17

Implicit Memory

Answer 17

is memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience without conscious recollection of that experience.

Question 18

Procedural Memory

Answer 18

type of implicit memory process that involves memory for skills.

Question 19

Priming

Answer 19

type of implicit memory process, the activation of information that people already have in storage to help them remember new information better and faster.

Question 20

Classical Conditioning

Answer 20

type of implicit memory process

Question 21

Schema

Answer 21

is a preexisting mental concept or framework that helps people to organize and interpret information.

Question 22

Retrieval

Answer 22

takes place when memory that was retained in memory comes out of storage. (recall and recognition)

Question 23

Auto-biographical Memory

Answer 23

a special form of episodic memory when a person recalls his/her life experiences.

Question 24

Flashbulb Memory

Answer 24

a memory of emotional significant events that people often recall with more accuracy and vivid imagery than everyday events.

Question 25

Interference Theory

Answer 25

people forget not because memory is lost from storage but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember.

Question 26

Decay Theory

Answer 26

when we learn something new, a neurochemical memory trace forms but over time this trace disintegrates.

Question 27

Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon (TOTS)

Answer 27

a type of “effortful retrieval” that occurs when we are confident we know something but cannot quite pull it out of memory.

Question 28

Retrospective Memory

Answer 28

remembering the past.

Question 29

Prospective Memory

Answer 29

remembering information about doing something in the future.

Question 30

Amnesia

Answer 30

loss of memory.

Question 31

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 31

memory disorder that affects retention of new events or information.

Question 32

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 32

memory loss from a segment of the past but not new events.