Chapter Six: Memory Flashcards
Memory
the retention of information or experience over time, three major processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval.
Encoding
the process in which information gets into memory.
Levels of Processing
a continuum from shallow to intermediate to deep, with deeper processing producing better memory.
Shallow Processing
physical and perceptual features are analyzed. the lines, angles, and contour that makeup the physical appearance of an object.
Intermediate Processing
stimulus is recognized and labeled.
Deep Processing
semantic, meaningful, symbolic characteristics.
Elaboration
refers to the number of different connections that are made around a stimulus at any gain level of memory encoding.
Storage
encompasses how information is retained over time and how it is represented in memory.
Atkinson-Shiffrin Theory
states that memory storage involves three separate systems; Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory, and Long-Term Memory.
Sensory Memory
holds information from the world in its original sensory form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses.
Short-Term Memory
time frames up to 30 seconds, unless we use strategies to retain it longer such as chunking and rehearsal.
Working Memory
a three-part system that allows us to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks.
Long-Term Memory
a relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information for a long time.
Explicit Memory
the conscious recollection of information such as facts and events.
Episodic Memory
the retention of information about the where, when and what of life’s happenings.
Semantic Memory
a person’s knowledge about the world such as expertise, general knowledge of what you’re learning in school, and everyday knowledge about the meaning of words, famous individuals, important places, and common things.
Implicit Memory
is memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience without conscious recollection of that experience.
Procedural Memory
type of implicit memory process that involves memory for skills.
Priming
type of implicit memory process, the activation of information that people already have in storage to help them remember new information better and faster.
Classical Conditioning
type of implicit memory process
Schema
is a preexisting mental concept or framework that helps people to organize and interpret information.
Retrieval
takes place when memory that was retained in memory comes out of storage. (recall and recognition)
Auto-biographical Memory
a special form of episodic memory when a person recalls his/her life experiences.
Flashbulb Memory
a memory of emotional significant events that people often recall with more accuracy and vivid imagery than everyday events.
