Chapter Seven: Hormone Synthesis, Storage, Release Flashcards
Steroid Hormone definition
Biosynthesized from cholesterol in the i) adrenal cortex and ii) gonads
Amine Hormones definition
Non steroid hormone
Modified amino acids
Peptide hormone definition
Non steroid hormone
Synthesized from amino acids in many different organs
Gonadal steroids
Progestins, androgens, estrogens
Adrenal steroids
Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
Amine hormones
Catechloamines (epinepherine, norepinepherine)
Indoleamines (serotonin, melanonin - synthesized from tryptophan)
Thyroid hormones (T3, T4)
Peptide hormones
Small (vasopressin, oxytocin)
Large (gastrin, glocogon, calcatonin)
Proteins
Glycoproteins (insulin, GH)
Glycoproteins (FSH, LH)
Common prohormones
POMC, ProCRH, Proinsulin, testosterone (= estradiol)
Major steroid hormone families
Androgen, cholesterol, glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid
Steroids are only produced…
When needed
Pulsatile vs. continuous GnRH (peptide)
Pulsatile GnRH = pulsatile LH and FSH = good for reproduction
Continuous GnRH = reduced LH and FSH
Carrier protein for Vasopressin/oxytocin
Neurophysins I and II
Carrier proteins for T3 and T4
Thyronine binding globulin
Carrier proteins for glucocorticoids and progesteron
Corticosteroids binding globulin
Carrier protein for estrogen and testosterone
Sex hormone binding globulin
Carrier proteins
Facilitate transport of hormones in the blood
Prolong their active life by protecting them from deactivation
Enable steroids to be soluble in blood
Methods used to investigate cellular sites of hormone biosynthesis, storage, secretion
- Identify neuroendocrine cells through gross anatomy OR surgically remove glands to determine effects
- Localization of hormones, receptors, and genes within cells:
- Histological staining
- Flouresence immunocytochemistry
- Autoradiography
- In Situ hybridization
Metabolites
Hormones broken down by enzymes and metabolites are excreted
Metabolites are measured in urine to determine amounts of corresponding hormones
