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yr 2 geog eye > chapter seven > Flashcards

chapter seven Flashcards

1
Q

what are cities

A

defined urban area within a country

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2
Q

features of cities

A
  • large population size
  • high population density
  • built up area
  • range of functions
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3
Q

population density defenition

A

measurement of the number of people in a unit area of land

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4
Q

population density formula

A

number of people living in an area/ land area

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5
Q

built up area defenition

A

land surface covered by buildings

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6
Q

infrastructure definition

A

system of buildings and equipment to provide basic services (eg: water, electricity, sanitation, telecommunications, and transport)

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7
Q

range of functions

A
  • administrative
  • commercial
  • educational
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8
Q

range of functions example

A

jakarta: administrative function
- highest court of law
- economic function: manufacturing industries

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9
Q

relationship between cities and rural areas:

A
  • rural-urban migration
  • provision of goods and services
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10
Q

rural-urban migration

A

people living in cities originally coming from another location

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11
Q

people living in cities originally coming from another location

A

rural-urban migration

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12
Q

factors of rural-urban migration:

A
  • push factor (non attractive)
  • pull factor (attractive)
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13
Q

push factors

A

reasons that make migrants want to leave their place of origin

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14
Q

push factor example:

A
  • natural disaster
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15
Q

pull factors

A

reasons that attract migrants towards a destination, such as the city

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16
Q

pull factor example

A
  • job opportunities
  • education
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17
Q

provision of goods and services

A

cities rely on rural areas for food supply due to limited space for agricultural activities
- rural farmers rear animals and sell corps for money -> incomes

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18
Q

how do cities affect their inhabitants and environment

A
  • provides opportunities for education and employment, and technological innovation for inhabitants
  • increased environmental pollution and competition for natural resources
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19
Q

education and employment opportunities

A
  • enables people to gain knowledge for employment
  • receive wages to purchase necessities + improve wellbeing
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20
Q

education opportunities

A
  • centre of learning
  • home to a variety of educational institutions that cater different interests
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21
Q

businesses in cities

A
  • thrive: developed infrastructure, availability of services, opportunities (education)
  • benefit from concentration of educational institutions
22
Q

technological innovation defenition

A

use of scientific knowledge to create new products/services

23
Q

technological innovation

A
  • many skilled people living in cities
  • funding from gov./investors for people to experiment (shading, transport, vegetation, building facade- reflect sunlight)
24
Q

cause of increased environmental pollution

A

large amounts of fossil fuels are being consumed in cities every day due to high concentration of people, businesses and transport networks

25
Q

increased environmental pollution:

A
  • water pollution
  • air pollution
26
Q

water pollution

A
  • improper management of waste
  • reduces water quality
  • decrease quality of water
  • threatens human health and aquatic life
27
Q

air pollution

A
  • caused by use of coal to generate electricity, high volume of vehicular traffic, emissions from factories
  • prolonged exposure: lung cancer, heart disease
    + thus demand for healthcare
28
Q

causes for competition for natural resources

A

as more cities’s populations increase, they need large amounts of natural resources to build infrastructure and supply material for industrial use
- natural resources: land and water

29
Q

competition for natural resources:

A
  • land resource
  • water resource
30
Q

land resource:

A
  • land to accommodate large and growing populations
  • have to expand towards rural areas, replacing natural vegetation
  • rebuilding current city to use more intensively
    -> cause unhappiness
31
Q

water resource

A
  • ensure continual supply of clean water to meet needs
  • compromised by competition for land (limit expansion of reservoir)
32
Q

water source example

A
  • july 2018, cape town, south africa turned off taps
  • water level in reservoir was too low
33
Q

how can cities be sustainably built and managed?

A
  • environmental management
  • improve quality of life
34
Q

environmental management

A
  • management of physical environment
  • management of hazards
35
Q

management of physical environment

A
  • reducing water pollution
  • reducing air pollution through laws
36
Q

reducing water pollution

A
  • kranji resorvoir in singapore
  • when rainwater mix with nutrients by nearby farms, it reduces the water quality
  • set up drains around to collect rainwater and excess nutrients
  • plants: cattails + pandan grown in water treatment to purify water
37
Q

reducing air pollution through laws (1)

A
  • 2013, beijing: air pollution prevention and control action plan
  • laws: environmental protection and air pollution prevention and control
  • city government to regulate people’s action and industrial activities
  • limits on air pollutants for industries + vehicles
38
Q

reducing air pollution through laws (2)

A
  • license plate policy
  • limits the number of new vehicles that can be registered
  • vehicle restriction rule, limits use of private cars to selected days in a week according to the last number of the license plate
  • lessen traffic congestion
39
Q

management of hazards

A
  • better quality of building materials
  • land use planning
40
Q

hazards

A
  • human induced: human actions/inaction - ignoring warnings
    eg: fires, oil spills, industrial accidents
  • natural hazards: natural
    eg: earthquakes
41
Q

hazards negative impact

A
  • hazards can turn into disastors
  • damage properties
  • death
  • economic cost to rebuild
42
Q

better quality building materials

A
  • withstand threat of hazards
    eg: japan has earthquake resistand buildings due to previous disastors
43
Q

land-use planning

A
  • decisions on how land resources will be used for various purposes (housing, recreation, transport)
  • may disallow use of construction in unsafe locations -> prevent hazards
  • shared with land owners/ property developers
44
Q

improve quality of life

A
  • safe housing
  • variety of transport modes
  • needs of different goods
45
Q

quality of life definition

A

persons well being

46
Q

housing definition

A

strucuter/buildings constructed to shelter people from weather elements (eg: extremely high/low temps)
- social gatherings

47
Q

safe housing example:

A

singapore faced problem of inadequate and low quality of housing
- singapore improvement trust set up to build affordable housing
- housing supply inefficent -> squatter settlements in unsafe location

48
Q

definition of transport modes

A

ways in which people/goods move from one location to another

49
Q

transport modes:

A
  • land
  • air
  • water
50
Q

variety of transport modes benefits

A
  • easier to travel around with public (affordable) and private transport
  • reduce traffic congestion with more options to travel
    eg: bus can carry more passengers
  • reduce environmental pollution in cities
    -> fewer cars lead to less fossil fuel consumption+ carbon emmisions
51
Q
A

yr 2 geog eye (5 decks)

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