chapter 11 Flashcards
how do transport systems impact the environment in cities
- changes to physical environment
- increased carbon footprint
how do transport systems impact people in cities
- improved mobility for the elderly and persons with disabilities
- traffic congestion
- health and safety risks
how can transport systems be sustainably managed
- laws and policies on transport
- integrated land use and transport planning
- provision of a range of mobility options for different groups of people
changes to physical environment examples
- road development can reduce size of animal habitats
- victims of roadkill
- resolve: overhead bridge
changes to physical environment case
to make sg more accessible, part of sg river was diverted for construction of MRT tunnels connecting downtown stations
increased carbon footprint
- all transport activities consume energy: petrol/biofuel
- when petrol is burnt, it produces greenhouse gasses, contributing to carbon footprint
carbon footprint definition
measure of greenhouse gases emitted to support human activities
how does greenhouse gas lead to global warming
greenhouse gases trap heat
- excessive concentration leads to enhance greenhouse effect and global warming
transport and greenhouse gas
- 23-30% of all emissions
- as cities grow, transport systems ecpand, increasing carbon footprint
- people rely on transport systems for travels -> consider different transport modes
carbon footprint transport modes (carbon footprint only, per 316km)
- plane, bus, train, car
how do transport systems impact people in cities
- improved mobility for the elderly and persons with disabilities
- traffic congestions
- health risks
- safety risks
mobility definition:
ability of people and freight to move from one place to another
- allows access to goods and services, facilitates social interactions, improve quality of life
what limits mobility
- physical capabilities/health conditions
- elderly, pwd (persons with disabilities)
- need more time and support to move around
- they face barriers that hinder them from carrying out normal activities, limit opportunities and equal access
what will improving mobility do
- add barrier free transport systems for them to move around and access opportunities independently
how to improve mobility
- barrier free transport systems
- tactile flooring
- wider gates
- indicator lights
silver zones features
- gateway marked with fluorescent lights to indicate the start of silver zone
- reduced speed limits
- reductions of lanes to shorten crossing time
- 2 stage crossing allowing senior pedestrians to rest while crossing
- mountable centre dividers that enable emergency vehicles to pass when safe
traffic congestions
- occurs when road usage approaches/exceed full capacity
- occurs during peak period when people are rushing home/work/school to and from the CB
- long queues, slow-moving vehicles are indicators
-affect physical environment and emotional well-being of those caught in traffic - tire out everyone
- frustration and aggressive behaviour, lose concentration, accidents.
- vehicle burn the most fuels while accelerating when constantly stopping and going in traffic, the amount of carbon emissions are more, worsening air quality
health risks
- air pollutants and particulate matter are released into atmosphere
- smog is produced and is a health risk, causing lung cancer
- actively reducing transport-related pollution by encouraging the use of public transport, walking, cycling
using transport modes negative effect
- noice pollution
- noise pollution results in stress, sleeping problems, hearing impairment, increased heart rate and elevated blood pressure
safety risks
- road accidents account for 90% of all transport accidents
- implications on healthcare, insurance, damage to property
- regulating use of mobile devices while driving, setting up more speed camera to detect speeding, road safety education
what does large crowds cause
- theft
- outrage of modesty
-gender segregated transport
how can transport systems be sustainably managed?
- laws and policies on transport
- integrated land use and transport planning
- provision of a range of mobility options for different groups of people
- ## reaserach and development
law and policies
- cities embarked on car-lite policies to reduce car usage by encouraging alternatives
- constraining vehicle ownership and road usage
- increase supply of public transport and promote environmentally friendly modes
- change when things are costly , as public transport is more affordable
- road pricing/congestion pricing manages congestion, shape travel behaviour, raise revenue to finance transport system
- drivers are charged more when they use certain roads during specific time periods, costlier compared to public transport
- ensure effectiveness of road pricing because traffic can be diverted
integrated land use and transport planning
- reduces need to travel
- key to shaping the demand for travel and distance needed to travel
land use planning meaning
where and how land should be used
transport planning mea
process of forecasting the operation, provision, and management of infrastructure and services for various transport modes to meet current and future needs
- good planning ensure that transport facilities and services are able to move people and goods in a safe, affordable, convenient and environmentally friendly matter
how to integrate land use and transport planning
- requires close coordination and communication between different stakeholders to balance social economic and transport needs
- takes time and involves huge investment in infrastructure design and development
- to encourage mobility, designing and developing pedestrian and bicycle infrastructure is key
- walkable distance should be around 5 minute
- wide shaded paths with attractive building facades provide a comfortable experience
reasearch and development in transport
mobile application to improve mobility, and more environmentally friendly transport modes.
- greener building materials and tevhnique
mobile applicagtions
- widespread information and technology enable better trip planning and facilitates sharing of rides and vehicles
- provide real-time traffic information on travel time, cost, possible routes to undertake via various modes can shape travel habits and choice of transport
- availability of seats and wheelchair facilities on public transport allow people to better plan their journeys, making public transport more attractive
electric vehicles
- smaller carbon footprint compared to other vehicles
- reduce noise pollution
- expensive
mobile applications challenges
inaccuratei information may cause additional inconcience
autonomous vehicles/driverless vehicles
- suite of sensors to detect other vehicles
- prevent road accidents and improve road safety
- reduce energy consumptions
- investment and time consuming
- cybersecurity challenges
