Chapter's 7-10 Flashcards
(165 cards)
0
Q
What are the two types of fluid?
A
Intracellular
Extracellular
1
Q
What percent of a healthy adult body weight is fluid?
A
50-70%
2
Q
What are the two types of extracellular fluids and what do they make up?
A
Interstitial- flows between cells that make up a particular tissue or organ.
Intravascular- water in the blood and lymph.
3
Q
What is plasma?
A
Transports blood cells within arteries, veins, and capillaries.
4
Q
How does body fluid composition of tissue vary?
A
Tissue type-lean tissues have higher fluid content
Gender- males have more lean tissue than females
Age-lean tissue is lost with age
5
Q
What are the functions of fluids?
A
Dissolves and transport substances.
Account for blood volume.
Helps maintain body temperature.
Protect and lubricate body tissues.
6
Q
What is body fluid composed of?
A
Water
Electrolytes
7
Q
What are electrolytes?
A
Mineral salts: Sodium Potassium Chloride Phosphorus Calcium
8
Q
What electrolytes carry positive charges?
A
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
9
Q
What electrolytes carry a negative charge?
A
Chloride
Phosphorus
10
Q
What electrolytes are carried in intracellular fluid?
A
Potassium
Phosphorus
11
Q
What electrolytes are carried in extracellular fluid?
A
Sodium
Chloride
12
Q
What are the functions of electrolytes?
A
Helps regulate fluid balance
Helps nerves respond to stimuli
Signals our muscles to contract
13
Q
What is water lost through?
A
Skin-sweat
Lungs-exhale
Kidneys-urine
Feces
14
Q
What is water gained through?
A
Fluids-drinks
Foods-up to 99% water
Metabolism
15
Q
What two organs work together to maintain water balance?
A
Brain
Kidneys
16
Q
What monitors the water content of the blood?
A
Hypothalamus
17
Q
Fat soluble substances must be attached to or surrounded by what?
A
Water soluble proteins.
18
Q
When blood volume increases blood pressure does what?
A
Increase
19
Q
What helps regulate blood volume and pressure?
A
Kidneys
20
Q
What are four types of fluids and what are their functions?
A
Cerebrospinal fluid-protects brain and spinal cord
Amniotic fluid-protects fetus
Synovial fluid-lubricates around joints
Digestive secretions- allow for easy passage
21
Q
What is osmotic pressure?
A
Keeps electrolytes in solution from drawing liquid toward them across semipermeable membrane.
22
Q
What moves into a muscle cells that stimulates the muscle to contract?
A
Calcium
23
Q
The hypothalamus prompts us to drink when…
A
Increased concentration of salt in blood
Reduction of blood volume and pressure
Dryness in the mouth or throat
24
What triggers the kidneys to reabsorb water?
A hormone released from the pituitary gland, triggered by the hypothalamus.
25
What are some factors that increase water needs?
```
Age
Diseases
Diarrhea or vomiting
Hot weather
Exercise
Pregnancy
```
26
What is hypernatremia?
Abnormally high blood sodium concentration.
Results in high blood volume, edema, and high blood pressure.
Happen to patients with heart failure or kidney disease.
27
What is one main source of potassium?
Banana
28
What happens if you consume to much potassium?
Hyperkalemia. Can occur in patients with kidney disease.
| Can alter normal heart rhythm resulting in heart attack and death.
29
What is hypokalemia?
Not enough potassium. May result in fatal changes in heart rate.
30
What are the functions of chloride?
Maintains fluid balance when coupled with sodium in extracellular fluid.
Assists in immune system.
Part if HCl in stomach aiding in digestion.
31
What is a result of too much chloride?
Hypertension
32
What are some common sources of phosphorus?
Dairy, bakery products, sodas, and meat
33
What happens in you consume too much phosphorus?
Can occur with kidney disease or when taking to many vitamin D supplements.
Can cause muscle spams or convulsions.
34
What is dehydration?
When water loss exceeds intake.
35
What are some functions of sodium?
Fluid, electrolyte, and pH balance
Associated with blood pressure
Required for nerve impulse transmission
Assists in transport of nutrients into body cells
36
What is the recommended intake for sodium?
1500mg
37
What are the functions of potassium?
Fluid and electrolyte balance
Important in muscle contractions and transmission of nerve impulses
Helps maintain lower blood pressure
38
What is the recommended intake for potassium?
4,700mg
39
What is the recommended chloride intake?
2300mg
40
What are the functions of phosphorus?
Major intracellular negatively charged electrolyte
Required for fluid balance
Critical role in bone formation
Regulates biochemical pathways by activating of deactivating enzymes
Found in ATP, DNA, and RNA
41
What is the recommended phosphorus intake?
700mg
42
_________ is a protein that forms strong fibers in bone and connective tissue.
Collagen
43
______________ is a very dense tissue making up 80% of the skeleton.
Cortical Bone
44
________ supports cortical bone and makes up 20% of the skeleton.
Trabecular Bone
45
Osteoclasts
Cells that erode the surface of bones.
46
Osteoblasts
- build up bone.
| - produces collagen
47
```
Bone processes with ages:
20
30
35
40
```
20- bone stops growing in length.
30- peak in bone density
35- bone loss begins in the spine
40- bone loss starts in women
48
What is DEXA?
Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA)
- measures bone density
- uses very low level x-ray energy
- provides full body scan.
- noninvasive procedure
- recommended for post-menopausal women.
49
```
Calcium:
Function
Recommendation
Source
Toxicity
Deficiency
```
Function:
1. Forms and maintains bones and teeth.
2. Assists in acid-bace balance
3. Transmission of nerve impulses.
4. Assist in muscle contraction.
Recommendation:
1,000- 1,300 mg/day
Source: dairy
Toxicity: hypercalcema
Deficiency: osteoporosis, hypocalcemia
50
Vitamin D:
Fat-soluble vitamin
Enhances intestional calcium absorption
No RDA (AL 5-15 mg/day)
Milk
Toxicity:Hypercalcemia (from supplements)
Deficiency: Rickets (children) or Osteomalacia (adults)
51
What is the best form of vitamin D?
Sunlight
52
Vitamin K
```
Fat soluble vitamin
Functions:
-Blood coagulation
-Bone metabolism:
- assists in the production of osteocalcin, a protein that is associated with bone turnover.
```
```
No RDA (AL 120 for men and 90 for women
Sources: liver, green leafy vegetables
```
Toxicity: no side effects but can interfere with anticoagulant medicine (warfarin)
Deficiency: reduce blood clotting, excessive bleeding
53
Phosphorus
- Critical to mineral composition of bone
-calcium and phosphorus crystallize to form hydroxyapatite crystals which provide the hardness of bone.
- 85% of phosphorus is stored in bones
- needed for nucleotide formation
Dark sodas
Toxicity- too much vitamin D cause high phosphorus levels (muscle spasms), high risk for kidney disease.
Deficiency- results in inefficient kidney function
- chronic imbalance of phosphate ions that bind to calcium may lead or bone loss. Drinking several soft drinks without drinking or eating milk products may result in calcium deficiency.
54
Magnesium
Sources: dark chocolate and green leafy vegetables.
Toxicity, supplements can cause diarrhea, nausea, cramps, And dehydration
Deficiency: hypomagnesemia (can result in low blood calcium and osteoporosis.
55
Fluoride
Function
Development and maintenance of teeth and bones.
Sources: dental products and fluoridated water
Toxicity: fluorosis
Deficiency: cavities
56
What is the relationship between vitamin D and calcium?
Calcium absorption requires vitamin D.
Too much vitamin D can result in hypercalcemia.
Not enough vitamin D can result in insufficient absorption of Ca.
57
What is osteoporosis?
- low bone mass
- deterioration of bone tissue
- fragile bones leading to bone fractures
- Compaction of bone; decreased height
- shortening and hunching of the spine.
58
Risk factors of Osteoprosis:
```
Age
All women
Premature menopause
Family history
Smoking
Heavy/regular use of alcohol
Underweight
Poor dietary intake
Sedentary lifestyle or bed-confinement
```
59
Treatment for osteoporosis:
There is no cure.
The progression may be slowed by:
Adequate calcium and vitamin D intake
Regular weight bearing exercise
Anti-resorptive medications (fosamax, estrogen)
Hormone replacement theory (Premarin, prempro)
60
Water Soluble Vitamins
- B complex and Vitamin C
- Absorbed directly into the blood.
- Travels freely
- Excess excreted in the urine
- Needed in frequent doses (1-3 days)
- B1, B2,B3, B5, B7, B9, B12
61
Fat Soluble Vitamins
- Vitamins A, D, E, K
- absorbed in the lymph and then the blood.
- Require a protein or lipid carrier for transport
- Can accumulate in the liver or adipose tissue
- Needed in periodic doses (weeks or months)
62
Grain/ Cereal products are enriched with ___________, __________, __________, _____________, ______________ according to Enrichment Act of 1998.
Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folate, iron
63
What is coenzyme?
A molecule that combines with an enzyme to facilitate enzyme function.
Not all metabolic reactions require coenzymes.
64
Thiamin's coenzyme:
TPP
65
Riboflavin coenzyme:
FAD
| FMN
66
Niacin coenzyme:
NAD
| NADP
67
B6 coenzyme:
PLP
68
Folate coenzyme:
THF
69
Pantothenic acid coenzyme:
CoA
70
Biotin coenzyme:
Biotin
71
B12 coenzyme:
B12
72
What is heme iron?
The oxygen carrying protein found in red blood cells.
73
What is hrs Neural Tube Defect?
The increased need for folate is critical very early in pregnancy, frequently before the woman knows she is pregnant.
All women capable of becoming pregnant should consum an extra 400 mg/day of folate.
74
Pernicious anemia is a ________ deficiency.
B12
75
Macrocytic anemia is caused by a ___________ deficiency.
B9
76
Thiamin (B1)
- Beriberi- thiamin deficiency results in muscle wasting and nerve damage.
Sources: beans, whole grains, Pork
77
Riboflavin
B2
Sources: dairy products
Is part of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase.
Ariboflavins- riboflavin deficiency
- sore throat
- swollen mucus membrane
78
Niacin
Coenzyme assisting with metabolism of carbohydrates and fatty acids
Sources: meat
Deficiency: Pellagra (diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death)
Toxicity: used to treat high cholesterol. (Painful flush, hives, and rash)
79
Pyridoxine
B6
Bananas and potatoes
Deficiency: anemia, all symptoms involved in skin, blood or nerve tissues.
Toxicity: supplements used to treat PMS and carpal tunnel.
B6 deficiency and toxicity can cause nerve damage (aropothy)
80
Folate
```
B9
Critical for cell division of very early embryos
Transfers carbons by 1
Sources: black-eyes peas and pintos
Toxicity- can occur with supplements
Can mask B12 deficiency
Liver damage, crams, nausea
Deficiency- macrocytic anemia
Neural tube defect
Elevated homocysteine
```
81
Cobalamin
B12
Intrinsic factor= need for oral absorption
Animal sources
Toxicity- no known effects
Deficiency- macrocytic anemia, homocysteine
If you do oft out absorb enough vitamin b12 adequately because you do not make intrinsic factor you will develop pernicious anemia
82
Biotin
Deficiency: hair thinning, loss of hair color, red rash on face. Can occur in people who eat high amounts of raw egg whites
Toxicity: none found
83
Choline
Deficiency: can lead to fat accumulation in the liver.
Toxicity: can result from supplements, and result in a fishy body odor.
84
Iodine
Trace mineral
Critical for the synthesis of thyroid hormones.
Iodized salt, seafood, bread, dairy products
Toxicity: block synthesis of thyroid hormones. Results in a goiter (enlarged thyroid)
Deficiency: hypothyroidism, goiter, and cretinism ( unborn fetus)
85
Chromium
Trace mineral
Dark chocolate, prunes, mushrooms
Deficiency: inhibits glucose absorption by body cells, and interferes with insulin synthesis.
86
Manganese
Trace mineral
Pineapples
Toxicity: impairs the nervous system causing spasms and tremors mimicking Parkinson's disease.
87
Sulfur
Major mineral
No known deficiency or toxicity
Required for detoxification of alcohol and drugs by the liver.
88
Iron
Trace mineral
Makes your blood red.
Heme iron (animal based foods)
Non-heme iron (plant sources)
Toxicity: most common cause of poisoning deaths in children, hemochromatosis
Deficiency: most common deficiency in the world, anemia
Sources: figs, shellfish, enriched breads
89
Iron in hemoglobin _____________________
The oxygen carrying protein found in red blood cells.
90
Enhancers of iron absorption
Meat factor
Stomach acids
Vitamin C
91
_________ is the primary iron-transport protein in the blood.
Transferrin
92
Anemia means _________.
Without blood; any condition of low hemoglobin levels
93
Zinc
Trace mineral
Part of the superoxide dismutase antioxidant enzyme system.
Maintain immune system.
Red meats
Toxicity: depressed immune system
Interference with copper and iron absorption. Results in either a copper or iron deficiency.
Deficiency: infections with poor healing.
94
Copper
A trace mineral
Required for iron transport
Seafood
Deficiency: Wilson's disease
95
What are antioxidants?
Chemicals that protect cells from damage from oxidation.
96
What are some antioxidants?
```
Vitamin E
Vitamin C
Beta-carotene
Vitamin A
Selenium
```
97
What are atoms composed of?
Positively charged nucleus
| Negatively charged electrons
98
Oxidation vs. reduction.
Oxidation loses electrons
| Reduction gains electrons
99
True or false. Oxidation and reduction usually occurs together.
True.
100
What are stable atoms?
Atoms that contain an even number of paired electrons.
101
What are free radicals.
An atom that has lost an electron and is left with an unpaired electron.
102
Free radicals are highly reactive and can cause what?
Damage to molecules in the cell.
103
What are free radicals produced by?
```
Pollution
Excess light
Toxic substances
Tobacco smoke
Asbestos
```
104
Free radicals form within the phospholipid bilayers of cell membranes and can cause damage to..
Cell membranes
Low-density lipoproteins
Proteins in cells
Genetic material (DNA)
105
What are some diseases linked with free radicals?
```
Cancer
Heart disease
Diabetes arthritis
Cataracts
Kidney disease
Alzheimer's disease
Parkinson disease
```
106
How do antioxidants work?
They stabilize free radicals and repair the damage they cause.
107
What do antioxidant vitamins donate?
Their electrons or hydrogen molecules to free radical to stabilize them and reduce oxidation damages.
108
What do antioxidant minerals do?
The function within the enzyme systems that convert free radicals to less damaging substances that can be excreted.
109
What are the antioxidant enzymes and what do they do?
Superoxide dismutase- converts free radicals to less damaging substances such as hydrogen peroxide.
Catalase- removes hydrogen peroxide from the body by converting it to water and oxygen.
Glutathione peroxidase- removes hydro driven peroxide from the body and stops the production of free radicals in lipids.
110
What are two other compounds that help stabilize free radicals?
Beta-carotene
| Phytochemicals
111
What are nutrients with antioxidant properties?
Vitamin E
Vitamin C
Vitamin A
Selenium
112
What are significant sources of vitamin E?
Polyunsaturated plant oils and nuts
113
What happens if you consume too muchVitamin E?
Toxicity is not as common.
Can interfere with anticoagulant medications like aspirin.
High doses associated with excessive bleeding and possible GI disturbances.
114
What happens if you don't consume enough Vitamin E?
Deficiencies are uncommon.
| Associated with fat malabsorption.
115
What kind of vitamin is Vitamin C?
Water soluble
116
What kind of vitamin is Vitamin E?
Fat soluble vitamin
117
What are functions of Vitamin C?
Synthesis of collagen, DNA, bile, neurotransmitters,carnitine, and hormones.
Prevents scurvy.
Strengthens resistance to infection.
Helps absorption of iron.
Antioxidant protects scavenges free radicals.
118
What is another name for vitamin C?
Ascorbic Acid
119
Who specifically needs more vitamin C and how much more?
Smokers; an extra 35mg per day
120
What aren't incident sources or vitamin C?
Citrus fruits
| Bell peppers
121
Vitamin C is easily destroyed by what?
Oxygen
| -steaming, microwaving, and stir frying.
122
What happens if you consume too much Vitamin C?
Excess is not toxic, water soluble so excess is secreted.
| Only supplements can lead to toxic doses.
123
What happens if you don't consume enough Vitamin C?
Scurvy
124
What are some vitamin C deficiency symptoms?
Anemia
Bleeding gums
Etc.
125
What is Beta-carotene?
In a class of chemicals called carotenoids
Provitamin
From plant-foods and is a precursor for vitamin A and retinol.
126
What are provitamins?
An inactive precursor that must be activated in the body.
| Not an essential nutrient.
127
What are functions of beta-carotene?
Weak antioxidant
| Effective against oxidation in low density lipids and cell membranes
128
What are carotenoids in general known for?
Enhance immune system
Protect skin from damage by UV light
Protects eyes from damage
129
What are good sources of beta-carotenes?
Fruits and vegetables that are red, orange, and deep green.
130
What happens if you consume too much beta-carotene?
Does not appear to be toxic.
| Carotenosis- orange tint on palms and soles of feet. Harmless and reversible.
131
What happens if you don't consume enough beta-carotene?
There is no known deficiency symptoms.
132
What type of vitamin is a vitamin A?
Fat soluble vitamin
133
Where is excess vitamin A stored?
Liver, adipose tissues, kidneys, and lungs
134
What are active forms of vitamin A?
Retinol
Retinal
Retinoic acid
135
What are functions of vitamin A as an antioxidant?
```
Protects LDL from oxidation
Essential for proper vision
Cell differentiation, process by which stem cells mature into specialized cells.
Sperm production and fertilization
Bone growth
```
136
What are good food sources of vitamin A? And what is its upper limit?
Animal products.
| Plants, red, orange, yellow, and deep green fruits and vegetables.3000micrograms per day
137
What happens if you consume too much Vitamin A?
Highly toxic, especially from supplements at 3-4 times
| Animal sources more toxic,Kant sources are not.
138
What are chronic vitamin a toxicity symptoms?
Reduces bone density
Enlarged liver
Birth defects
139
What are acute toxicity symptoms?
Blurred vision
Nausea
Increased pressure inside skull
Headaches
140
What happens if you don't consume enough vitamin A?
```
Night blindness
And other eye problems
Impaired immunity
Hyperkeratosis
Death
```
141
What is selenium?
Trace mineral
142
What are functions of selenium?
Antioxidant; part of the glutathione peroxidase enzyme system
Decreases free radicals, sparing E vitamin
Production of thyroxine-thyroid hormone
143
What are some sources of selenium?
Mixed nuts, coucous, halibut, tuna
144
What happens if you consume too much selenium?
Toxicity, brittle hair loss, sloughing of nails, skin rashes.
145
What happens if you don't consume enough selenium?
Keshan disease- heart disease, weakened heart
Kashin-beck disease- an arthritis
Impaired immunity
146
What is cancer?
A group of related diseases characterized by cells growing out of control.
147
What are the three steps of cancer?
Initiation
Promotion
Progression
148
What are risk factors cancer?
```
Tobacco use
Sun exposure
Nutrition
Environmental/occupational exposure
Low level of physical activity
```
149
How can antioxidants contribute to reducing cancer?
Enhancing the immune system
Inhibiting growth of cancer cells
Preventing oxidation damage to cells
150
What are phytochemicals?
Naturally occurring chemicals in plants. Giving them their characteristics such as aroma, color, and flavor.
Made reduce risk of cancer and other diseases.
151
What is the leading cause of death in America?
Cardiovascular disease
152
What are CVD risk factors?
```
Smoking
Hypertension
High blood levels of low density lipoprotein cholesterol
Obesity
Sedentary lifestyles
```
153
What are other risk factors for CVD?
Diabetes
Family history
Males over 45
Post menopausal females
154
How can antioxidants reduce CVD?
Preventing oxidative damage to LDL
Acting as an anticoagulant to prevent blood clots
Reducing low grade inflammation
155
What is macular degeneration?
Deterioration of the macula, the center of the retina.
Leading cause of blindness
Deterioration of center retina
Marked by loss or distortion of central vision
156
What are cataracts?
Damaged regions of the lens of the eye causing cloudy vision
157
What is the possible roles of antioxidants in vision impairment?
Lack of nutrients
Free radical damage
Inflammation from eye disease
158
What is the body's core temperature when Ina heat stroke?
Above 100 degrees F.
159
What is normal blood pressure levels?
120/80
160
Systolic vs diastolic.
Systolic- contraction
| Diastolic- relaxation
161
What are the blood pressure levels for hypertension?
140/90
162
What are the recommendations for reducing hypertension?
Weight loss
Exercise
DASH diet
163
What can electrolyte imbalances lead to?
Seizures or muscle cramps
| Changes in nervous system functions that can alter proper muscle functions
164
What is the main fluid contribution to obesity?
Increased availability in sweetened beverages
