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Nutritional Science > Chapter's 7-10 > Flashcards

Chapter's 7-10 Flashcards

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0
Q

What are the two types of fluid?

A

Intracellular

Extracellular

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1
Q

What percent of a healthy adult body weight is fluid?

A

50-70%

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2
Q

What are the two types of extracellular fluids and what do they make up?

A

Interstitial- flows between cells that make up a particular tissue or organ.
Intravascular- water in the blood and lymph.

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3
Q

What is plasma?

A

Transports blood cells within arteries, veins, and capillaries.

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4
Q

How does body fluid composition of tissue vary?

A

Tissue type-lean tissues have higher fluid content
Gender- males have more lean tissue than females
Age-lean tissue is lost with age

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5
Q

What are the functions of fluids?

A

Dissolves and transport substances.
Account for blood volume.
Helps maintain body temperature.
Protect and lubricate body tissues.

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6
Q

What is body fluid composed of?

A

Water

Electrolytes

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7
Q

What are electrolytes?

A 
Mineral salts:
Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Phosphorus
Calcium
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8
Q

What electrolytes carry positive charges?

A

Sodium
Potassium
Calcium

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9
Q

What electrolytes carry a negative charge?

A

Chloride

Phosphorus

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10
Q

What electrolytes are carried in intracellular fluid?

A

Potassium

Phosphorus

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11
Q

What electrolytes are carried in extracellular fluid?

A

Sodium

Chloride

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12
Q

What are the functions of electrolytes?

A

Helps regulate fluid balance
Helps nerves respond to stimuli
Signals our muscles to contract

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13
Q

What is water lost through?

A

Skin-sweat
Lungs-exhale
Kidneys-urine
Feces

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14
Q

What is water gained through?

A

Fluids-drinks
Foods-up to 99% water
Metabolism

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15
Q

What two organs work together to maintain water balance?

A

Brain

Kidneys

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16
Q

What monitors the water content of the blood?

A

Hypothalamus

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17
Q

Fat soluble substances must be attached to or surrounded by what?

A

Water soluble proteins.

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18
Q

When blood volume increases blood pressure does what?

A

Increase

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19
Q

What helps regulate blood volume and pressure?

A

Kidneys

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20
Q

What are four types of fluids and what are their functions?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid-protects brain and spinal cord
Amniotic fluid-protects fetus
Synovial fluid-lubricates around joints
Digestive secretions- allow for easy passage

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21
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

Keeps electrolytes in solution from drawing liquid toward them across semipermeable membrane.

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22
Q

What moves into a muscle cells that stimulates the muscle to contract?

A

Calcium

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23
Q

The hypothalamus prompts us to drink when…

A

Increased concentration of salt in blood
Reduction of blood volume and pressure
Dryness in the mouth or throat

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24
Q

What triggers the kidneys to reabsorb water?

A

A hormone released from the pituitary gland, triggered by the hypothalamus.

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25
Q

What are some factors that increase water needs?

A 
Age
Diseases
Diarrhea or vomiting
Hot weather
Exercise
Pregnancy
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26
Q

What is hypernatremia?

A

Abnormally high blood sodium concentration.
Results in high blood volume, edema, and high blood pressure.
Happen to patients with heart failure or kidney disease.

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27
Q

What is one main source of potassium?

A

Banana

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28
Q

What happens if you consume to much potassium?

A

Hyperkalemia. Can occur in patients with kidney disease.

Can alter normal heart rhythm resulting in heart attack and death.

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29
Q

What is hypokalemia?

A

Not enough potassium. May result in fatal changes in heart rate.

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30
Q

What are the functions of chloride?

A

Maintains fluid balance when coupled with sodium in extracellular fluid.
Assists in immune system.
Part if HCl in stomach aiding in digestion.

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31
Q

What is a result of too much chloride?

A

Hypertension

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32
Q

What are some common sources of phosphorus?

A

Dairy, bakery products, sodas, and meat

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33
Q

What happens in you consume too much phosphorus?

A

Can occur with kidney disease or when taking to many vitamin D supplements.
Can cause muscle spams or convulsions.

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34
Q

What is dehydration?

A

When water loss exceeds intake.

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35
Q

What are some functions of sodium?

A

Fluid, electrolyte, and pH balance
Associated with blood pressure
Required for nerve impulse transmission
Assists in transport of nutrients into body cells

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36
Q

What is the recommended intake for sodium?

A

1500mg

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37
Q

What are the functions of potassium?

A

Fluid and electrolyte balance
Important in muscle contractions and transmission of nerve impulses
Helps maintain lower blood pressure

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38
Q

What is the recommended intake for potassium?

A

4,700mg

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39
Q

What is the recommended chloride intake?

A

2300mg

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40
Q

What are the functions of phosphorus?

A

Major intracellular negatively charged electrolyte
Required for fluid balance
Critical role in bone formation
Regulates biochemical pathways by activating of deactivating enzymes
Found in ATP, DNA, and RNA

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41
Q

What is the recommended phosphorus intake?

A

700mg

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42
Q

_________ is a protein that forms strong fibers in bone and connective tissue.

A

Collagen

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43
Q

______________ is a very dense tissue making up 80% of the skeleton.

A

Cortical Bone

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44
Q

________ supports cortical bone and makes up 20% of the skeleton.

A

Trabecular Bone

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45
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Cells that erode the surface of bones.

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46
Q

Osteoblasts

A
  • build up bone.

- produces collagen

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47
Q 
Bone processes with ages:
20
30
35
40
A

20- bone stops growing in length.
30- peak in bone density
35- bone loss begins in the spine
40- bone loss starts in women

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48
Q

What is DEXA?

A

Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA)

  • measures bone density
  • uses very low level x-ray energy
  • provides full body scan.
  • noninvasive procedure
  • recommended for post-menopausal women.
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49
Q 
Calcium:
Function
Recommendation
Source
Toxicity
Deficiency
A

Function:

  1. Forms and maintains bones and teeth.
  2. Assists in acid-bace balance
  3. Transmission of nerve impulses.
  4. Assist in muscle contraction.

Recommendation:
1,000- 1,300 mg/day

Source: dairy

Toxicity: hypercalcema
Deficiency: osteoporosis, hypocalcemia

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50
Q

Vitamin D:

A

Fat-soluble vitamin
Enhances intestional calcium absorption
No RDA (AL 5-15 mg/day)
Milk
Toxicity:Hypercalcemia (from supplements)
Deficiency: Rickets (children) or Osteomalacia (adults)

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51
Q

What is the best form of vitamin D?

A

Sunlight

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52
Q

Vitamin K

A 
Fat soluble vitamin 
Functions:
-Blood coagulation
-Bone metabolism:
         - assists in the production of osteocalcin, a protein that is associated with bone turnover.
No RDA  (AL 120 for men and 90 for women
Sources: liver, green leafy vegetables

Toxicity: no side effects but can interfere with anticoagulant medicine (warfarin)
Deficiency: reduce blood clotting, excessive bleeding

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53
Q

Phosphorus

A
  • Critical to mineral composition of bone
    -calcium and phosphorus crystallize to form hydroxyapatite crystals which provide the hardness of bone.
    • 85% of phosphorus is stored in bones
    • needed for nucleotide formation
      Dark sodas
      Toxicity- too much vitamin D cause high phosphorus levels (muscle spasms), high risk for kidney disease.
      Deficiency- results in inefficient kidney function
    • chronic imbalance of phosphate ions that bind to calcium may lead or bone loss. Drinking several soft drinks without drinking or eating milk products may result in calcium deficiency.
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54
Q

Magnesium

A

Sources: dark chocolate and green leafy vegetables.

Toxicity, supplements can cause diarrhea, nausea, cramps, And dehydration
Deficiency: hypomagnesemia (can result in low blood calcium and osteoporosis.

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55
Q

Fluoride

A

Function
Development and maintenance of teeth and bones.

Sources: dental products and fluoridated water
Toxicity: fluorosis
Deficiency: cavities

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56
Q

What is the relationship between vitamin D and calcium?

A

Calcium absorption requires vitamin D.
Too much vitamin D can result in hypercalcemia.
Not enough vitamin D can result in insufficient absorption of Ca.

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57
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A
  • low bone mass
  • deterioration of bone tissue
  • fragile bones leading to bone fractures
  • Compaction of bone; decreased height
  • shortening and hunching of the spine.
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58
Q

Risk factors of Osteoprosis:

A 
Age
All women
Premature menopause
Family history
Smoking
Heavy/regular use of alcohol
Underweight 
Poor dietary intake
Sedentary lifestyle or bed-confinement
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59
Q

Treatment for osteoporosis:

A

There is no cure.
The progression may be slowed by:
Adequate calcium and vitamin D intake
Regular weight bearing exercise
Anti-resorptive medications (fosamax, estrogen)
Hormone replacement theory (Premarin, prempro)

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60
Q

Water Soluble Vitamins

A
  • B complex and Vitamin C
  • Absorbed directly into the blood.
  • Travels freely
  • Excess excreted in the urine
  • Needed in frequent doses (1-3 days)
  • B1, B2,B3, B5, B7, B9, B12
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61
Q

Fat Soluble Vitamins

A
  • Vitamins A, D, E, K
  • absorbed in the lymph and then the blood.
  • Require a protein or lipid carrier for transport
  • Can accumulate in the liver or adipose tissue
  • Needed in periodic doses (weeks or months)
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62
Q

Grain/ Cereal products are enriched with ___________, __________, __________, _____________, ______________ according to Enrichment Act of 1998.

A

Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folate, iron

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63
Q

What is coenzyme?

A

A molecule that combines with an enzyme to facilitate enzyme function.
Not all metabolic reactions require coenzymes.

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64
Q

Thiamin’s coenzyme:

A

TPP

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65
Q

Riboflavin coenzyme:

A

FAD

FMN

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66
Q

Niacin coenzyme:

A

NAD

NADP

67
Q

B6 coenzyme:

A

PLP

68
Q

Folate coenzyme:

A

THF

69
Q

Pantothenic acid coenzyme:

A

CoA

70
Q

Biotin coenzyme:

A

Biotin

71
Q

B12 coenzyme:

A

B12

72
Q

What is heme iron?

A

The oxygen carrying protein found in red blood cells.

73
Q

What is hrs Neural Tube Defect?

A

The increased need for folate is critical very early in pregnancy, frequently before the woman knows she is pregnant.
All women capable of becoming pregnant should consum an extra 400 mg/day of folate.

74
Q

Pernicious anemia is a ________ deficiency.

A

B12

75
Q

Macrocytic anemia is caused by a ___________ deficiency.

A

B9

76
Q

Thiamin (B1)

A
  • Beriberi- thiamin deficiency results in muscle wasting and nerve damage.

Sources: beans, whole grains, Pork

77
Q

Riboflavin

A

B2
Sources: dairy products
Is part of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase.

Ariboflavins- riboflavin deficiency

 - sore throat
 - swollen mucus membrane
78
Q

Niacin

A

Coenzyme assisting with metabolism of carbohydrates and fatty acids

Sources: meat
Deficiency: Pellagra (diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death)
Toxicity: used to treat high cholesterol. (Painful flush, hives, and rash)

79
Q

Pyridoxine

A

B6
Bananas and potatoes
Deficiency: anemia, all symptoms involved in skin, blood or nerve tissues.
Toxicity: supplements used to treat PMS and carpal tunnel.

B6 deficiency and toxicity can cause nerve damage (aropothy)

80
Q

Folate

A 
B9
Critical for cell division of very early embryos
Transfers carbons by 1
Sources: black-eyes peas and pintos
Toxicity- can occur with supplements
     Can mask B12 deficiency 
      Liver damage, crams, nausea 
Deficiency- macrocytic anemia
      Neural tube defect
      Elevated homocysteine
81
Q

Cobalamin

A

B12
Intrinsic factor= need for oral absorption
Animal sources
Toxicity- no known effects
Deficiency- macrocytic anemia, homocysteine

If you do oft out absorb enough vitamin b12 adequately because you do not make intrinsic factor you will develop pernicious anemia

82
Q

Biotin

A

Deficiency: hair thinning, loss of hair color, red rash on face. Can occur in people who eat high amounts of raw egg whites
Toxicity: none found

83
Q

Choline

A

Deficiency: can lead to fat accumulation in the liver.
Toxicity: can result from supplements, and result in a fishy body odor.

84
Q

Iodine

A

Trace mineral
Critical for the synthesis of thyroid hormones.

Iodized salt, seafood, bread, dairy products

Toxicity: block synthesis of thyroid hormones. Results in a goiter (enlarged thyroid)
Deficiency: hypothyroidism, goiter, and cretinism ( unborn fetus)

85
Q

Chromium

A

Trace mineral
Dark chocolate, prunes, mushrooms
Deficiency: inhibits glucose absorption by body cells, and interferes with insulin synthesis.

86
Q

Manganese

A

Trace mineral
Pineapples
Toxicity: impairs the nervous system causing spasms and tremors mimicking Parkinson’s disease.

87
Q

Sulfur

A

Major mineral
No known deficiency or toxicity
Required for detoxification of alcohol and drugs by the liver.

88
Q

Iron

A

Trace mineral
Makes your blood red.
Heme iron (animal based foods)
Non-heme iron (plant sources)

Toxicity: most common cause of poisoning deaths in children, hemochromatosis
Deficiency: most common deficiency in the world, anemia

Sources: figs, shellfish, enriched breads

89
Q

Iron in hemoglobin _____________________

A

The oxygen carrying protein found in red blood cells.

90
Q

Enhancers of iron absorption

A

Meat factor
Stomach acids
Vitamin C

91
Q

_________ is the primary iron-transport protein in the blood.

A

Transferrin

92
Q

Anemia means _________.

A

Without blood; any condition of low hemoglobin levels

93
Q

Zinc

A

Trace mineral
Part of the superoxide dismutase antioxidant enzyme system.
Maintain immune system.

Red meats

Toxicity: depressed immune system
Interference with copper and iron absorption. Results in either a copper or iron deficiency.
Deficiency: infections with poor healing.

94
Q

Copper

A

A trace mineral
Required for iron transport
Seafood
Deficiency: Wilson’s disease

95
Q

What are antioxidants?

A

Chemicals that protect cells from damage from oxidation.

96
Q

What are some antioxidants?

A 
Vitamin E
Vitamin C
Beta-carotene
Vitamin A
Selenium
97
Q

What are atoms composed of?

A

Positively charged nucleus

Negatively charged electrons

98
Q

Oxidation vs. reduction.

A

Oxidation loses electrons

Reduction gains electrons

99
Q

True or false. Oxidation and reduction usually occurs together.

A

True.

100
Q

What are stable atoms?

A

Atoms that contain an even number of paired electrons.

101
Q

What are free radicals.

A

An atom that has lost an electron and is left with an unpaired electron.

102
Q

Free radicals are highly reactive and can cause what?

A

Damage to molecules in the cell.

103
Q

What are free radicals produced by?

A 
Pollution
Excess light
Toxic substances
Tobacco smoke
Asbestos
104
Q

Free radicals form within the phospholipid bilayers of cell membranes and can cause damage to..

A

Cell membranes
Low-density lipoproteins
Proteins in cells
Genetic material (DNA)

105
Q

What are some diseases linked with free radicals?

A 
Cancer
Heart disease
Diabetes arthritis
Cataracts
Kidney disease
Alzheimer's disease
Parkinson disease
106
Q

How do antioxidants work?

A

They stabilize free radicals and repair the damage they cause.

107
Q

What do antioxidant vitamins donate?

A

Their electrons or hydrogen molecules to free radical to stabilize them and reduce oxidation damages.

108
Q

What do antioxidant minerals do?

A

The function within the enzyme systems that convert free radicals to less damaging substances that can be excreted.

109
Q

What are the antioxidant enzymes and what do they do?

A

Superoxide dismutase- converts free radicals to less damaging substances such as hydrogen peroxide.

Catalase- removes hydrogen peroxide from the body by converting it to water and oxygen.

Glutathione peroxidase- removes hydro driven peroxide from the body and stops the production of free radicals in lipids.

110
Q

What are two other compounds that help stabilize free radicals?

A

Beta-carotene

Phytochemicals

111
Q

What are nutrients with antioxidant properties?

A

Vitamin E
Vitamin C
Vitamin A
Selenium

112
Q

What are significant sources of vitamin E?

A

Polyunsaturated plant oils and nuts

113
Q

What happens if you consume too muchVitamin E?

A

Toxicity is not as common.
Can interfere with anticoagulant medications like aspirin.
High doses associated with excessive bleeding and possible GI disturbances.

114
Q

What happens if you don’t consume enough Vitamin E?

A

Deficiencies are uncommon.

Associated with fat malabsorption.

115
Q

What kind of vitamin is Vitamin C?

A

Water soluble

116
Q

What kind of vitamin is Vitamin E?

A

Fat soluble vitamin

117
Q

What are functions of Vitamin C?

A

Synthesis of collagen, DNA, bile, neurotransmitters,carnitine, and hormones.
Prevents scurvy.
Strengthens resistance to infection.
Helps absorption of iron.
Antioxidant protects scavenges free radicals.

118
Q

What is another name for vitamin C?

A

Ascorbic Acid

119
Q

Who specifically needs more vitamin C and how much more?

A

Smokers; an extra 35mg per day

120
Q

What aren’t incident sources or vitamin C?

A

Citrus fruits

Bell peppers

121
Q

Vitamin C is easily destroyed by what?

A

Oxygen

-steaming, microwaving, and stir frying.

122
Q

What happens if you consume too much Vitamin C?

A

Excess is not toxic, water soluble so excess is secreted.

Only supplements can lead to toxic doses.

123
Q

What happens if you don’t consume enough Vitamin C?

A

Scurvy

124
Q

What are some vitamin C deficiency symptoms?

A

Anemia
Bleeding gums
Etc.

125
Q

What is Beta-carotene?

A

In a class of chemicals called carotenoids
Provitamin
From plant-foods and is a precursor for vitamin A and retinol.

126
Q

What are provitamins?

A

An inactive precursor that must be activated in the body.

Not an essential nutrient.

127
Q

What are functions of beta-carotene?

A

Weak antioxidant

Effective against oxidation in low density lipids and cell membranes

128
Q

What are carotenoids in general known for?

A

Enhance immune system
Protect skin from damage by UV light
Protects eyes from damage

129
Q

What are good sources of beta-carotenes?

A

Fruits and vegetables that are red, orange, and deep green.

130
Q

What happens if you consume too much beta-carotene?

A

Does not appear to be toxic.

Carotenosis- orange tint on palms and soles of feet. Harmless and reversible.

131
Q

What happens if you don’t consume enough beta-carotene?

A

There is no known deficiency symptoms.

132
Q

What type of vitamin is a vitamin A?

A

Fat soluble vitamin

133
Q

Where is excess vitamin A stored?

A

Liver, adipose tissues, kidneys, and lungs

134
Q

What are active forms of vitamin A?

A

Retinol
Retinal
Retinoic acid

135
Q

What are functions of vitamin A as an antioxidant?

A 
Protects LDL from oxidation
Essential for proper vision
Cell differentiation, process by which stem cells mature into specialized cells.
Sperm production and fertilization
Bone growth
136
Q

What are good food sources of vitamin A? And what is its upper limit?

A

Animal products.

Plants, red, orange, yellow, and deep green fruits and vegetables.3000micrograms per day

137
Q

What happens if you consume too much Vitamin A?

A

Highly toxic, especially from supplements at 3-4 times

Animal sources more toxic,Kant sources are not.

138
Q

What are chronic vitamin a toxicity symptoms?

A

Reduces bone density
Enlarged liver
Birth defects

139
Q

What are acute toxicity symptoms?

A

Blurred vision
Nausea
Increased pressure inside skull
Headaches

140
Q

What happens if you don’t consume enough vitamin A?

A 
Night blindness
And other eye problems
Impaired immunity 
Hyperkeratosis
Death
141
Q

What is selenium?

A

Trace mineral

142
Q

What are functions of selenium?

A

Antioxidant; part of the glutathione peroxidase enzyme system
Decreases free radicals, sparing E vitamin
Production of thyroxine-thyroid hormone

143
Q

What are some sources of selenium?

A

Mixed nuts, coucous, halibut, tuna

144
Q

What happens if you consume too much selenium?

A

Toxicity, brittle hair loss, sloughing of nails, skin rashes.

145
Q

What happens if you don’t consume enough selenium?

A

Keshan disease- heart disease, weakened heart
Kashin-beck disease- an arthritis
Impaired immunity

146
Q

What is cancer?

A

A group of related diseases characterized by cells growing out of control.

147
Q

What are the three steps of cancer?

A

Initiation
Promotion
Progression

148
Q

What are risk factors cancer?

A 
Tobacco use
Sun exposure
Nutrition
Environmental/occupational exposure
Low level of physical activity
149
Q

How can antioxidants contribute to reducing cancer?

A

Enhancing the immune system
Inhibiting growth of cancer cells
Preventing oxidation damage to cells

150
Q

What are phytochemicals?

A

Naturally occurring chemicals in plants. Giving them their characteristics such as aroma, color, and flavor.

Made reduce risk of cancer and other diseases.

151
Q

What is the leading cause of death in America?

A

Cardiovascular disease

152
Q

What are CVD risk factors?

A 
Smoking
Hypertension
High blood levels of low density lipoprotein cholesterol
Obesity
Sedentary lifestyles
153
Q

What are other risk factors for CVD?

A

Diabetes
Family history
Males over 45
Post menopausal females

154
Q

How can antioxidants reduce CVD?

A

Preventing oxidative damage to LDL
Acting as an anticoagulant to prevent blood clots
Reducing low grade inflammation

155
Q

What is macular degeneration?

A

Deterioration of the macula, the center of the retina.

Leading cause of blindness
Deterioration of center retina
Marked by loss or distortion of central vision

156
Q

What are cataracts?

A

Damaged regions of the lens of the eye causing cloudy vision

157
Q

What is the possible roles of antioxidants in vision impairment?

A

Lack of nutrients
Free radical damage
Inflammation from eye disease

158
Q

What is the body’s core temperature when Ina heat stroke?

A

Above 100 degrees F.

159
Q

What is normal blood pressure levels?

A

120/80

160
Q

Systolic vs diastolic.

A

Systolic- contraction

Diastolic- relaxation

161
Q

What are the blood pressure levels for hypertension?

A

140/90

162
Q

What are the recommendations for reducing hypertension?

A

Weight loss
Exercise
DASH diet

163
Q

What can electrolyte imbalances lead to?

A

Seizures or muscle cramps

Changes in nervous system functions that can alter proper muscle functions

164
Q

What is the main fluid contribution to obesity?

A

Increased availability in sweetened beverages

Nutritional Science (6 decks)

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