Chapter Review

Question 1

Social Psychologists study…

Answer 1

-how social roles, attitudes, relationships, and groups influence people

Question 2

Cultural Psychologists study…

Answer 2

-the influence of culture on behavior

Question 3

Social roles are shaped by _______, a set of shared rules and values of a community or society.

Answer 3

-culture

Question 4

Define: norms(social)

Answer 4

• a set of rules that regulate behavior in social contexts

- includes explicit laws and implicit cultural conventions

Question 5

Define: roles

Answer 5

-social positions that are governed by norms and how people should behave in those particular positions

Question 6

What factors cause people to obey?

Answer 6

• to not “rock the boat”
• consequences for disobedience
• benefits of obedience
• out of respect for authority
• entrapment
• allocate responsibility to authority

Question 7

How people’s perceptions of themselves and others affect their relationships and how social environment influences thoughts, beliefs, and values is called…

Answer 7

-social cognition

Question 8

Attribution Theory holds…

Answer 8

-tendency for people to attribute their own and others’ behavior to situational or dispositional factors

Question 9

Define: fundamental attribution error

Answer 9

-tendency to overestimate dispositional factors and ignore situational factors in explaining a behavior

Question 10

What cognitive biases contribute to the fundamental attribution error?

Answer 10

• bias of holier-than-thou effect
• bias of choosing the most flattering and forgiving attributions for one’s own lapses
• bias to believe world is just and fair

Question 11

The bias to believe the world is fair is called…

Answer 11

-just-world hypothesis

Question 12

Efforts to get people to change their attitudes often rely on the ________ effect and the _________ effect.

Answer 12

• familiarity effect

- validity effect

Question 13

Some attitudes are _____ heritable, but many are influenced by _________.

Answer 13

• highly

- non-shared environments

Question 14

What are common social-psychological factors in the making of a terrorist?

Answer 14

• entrapment
• promise of new identity and salvation
• deintegration of critical thinking. access to disconfirming information is controlled
• attributing all problems to one simple attribution

Question 15

Most people will ______ to others’ judgments, even when others are…

Answer 15

• conform

- obviously wrong

Question 16

An extreme form of conformity called _______ leads to faulty decisions.

Answer 16

-groupthink

Question 17

Members of groupthink are subject to…

Answer 17

• self-censorship
• pressure to conform
• illusion of invulnerability
• illusion of unanimity

Question 18

When people are part of a large, anonymous crowd, what processes may occur?

Answer 18

• diffusion of responsibility

- deindividuation

Question 19

Diffusion of responsibility can lead to…

Answer 19

-bystander apathy

Question 20

Define: deindividuation

Answer 20

-in a large group, tendency for people to lose awareness of their own individuality

Question 21

Deindividuality increases when…

Answer 21

• groups get larger

- when group members are in uniforms or masks

Question 22

What situational factors can influence atruism and dissent?

Answer 22

• awareness of need for intervention
• norms that encourage action
• when you have an ally
• when you are entrapped

Question 23

Social identities are based on a person’s identification with…

Answer 23

-nation, religion, political groups, and other important affiliations

Question 24

People often face the dilemma of balancing _______ and _________.

Answer 24

• ethnic identity

- acculturation

Question 25

Define: acculturation

Answer 25

-indentification with the dominant or main stream group

Question 26

Define: ethnic identity

Answer 26

-identification with one’s ethnic group or religion

Question 27

Define: ethnocentrism

Answer 27

-belief that one’s own ethnic or national group is superior to all others

Question 28

Ethnocentrism creates…

Answer 28

• hostility
• competition
• “us-them” thinking

Question 29

_______ can be efficient cognitive summaries of other groups, but some downsides are…

Answer 29

• overestimating group differences
• underestimating differences within group
• produces selective perception

Question 30

A prejudice consists of…

Answer 30

• a negative stereotype

- an unreasonable dislike or hatred towards a group

Question 31

Origins of prejudice include…

Answer 31

• psychological cause
• social cause
• economical cause
• cultural/national cause

Question 32

Prejudice bonds people to…

Answer 32

-their social group and nation

Question 33

Prejudice boosts _______ and wards of…

Answer 33

• self-esteem

- feelings of anxiety and doubt

Question 34

Prejudice justifies _______ interest and legitimizes _______.

Answer 34

• economic interest

- war

Question 35

Researchers are trying to measure prejudice indirectly by…

Answer 35

• measuring social distance
• measuring reactions of people when stressed or angry
• measuring brain activity
• measuring implicit behaviors

Question 36

Conditions that decrease prejudice include…

Answer 36

• interdependence (working together towards a common goal)
• encouraging groups to work together and socialize
• authority and community serves all groups equally
• when groups are equal in status