Chapter One

Question 1

Define “Midland Minnie.”

Answer 1

the name archaeologists gave to the bones of a woman found in Midland County, Texas, estimated to be 12,000 years old

Question 2

Define “Folsom Point.”

Answer 2

an improved spear point developed by the Paleoindians of New Mexico

Question 3

Define “Petroglyphs.”

Answer 3

symbols carved into rock by Archaic shamans near the confluence of the Pecos and Rio Grande rivers

Question 4

Define “Archaic Period.”

Answer 4

the period which began about eight thousand years ago and ended around 600 AD

Question 5

Define “Agricultural Revolution.”

Answer 5

the introduction of agricultural practices to the Indians of Eastern North America, prompted by the arrival of corn, beans, and squash

Question 6

Define “Spiro, Oklahoma.”

Answer 6

the location of the largest mound complex built by the Caddo

Question 7

Define “ethnogenesis.”

Answer 7

the cultural alteration that some tribes underwent to forge unity with other bands in order to survive

Question 8

Define “Wichitas.”

Answer 8

a Caddoan-speaking people that settled and planted crops in the spring and summer, harvested in the fall, and hunted in the winter

Question 9

Define “Tonkawas.”

Answer 9

a Tonkawan-speaking people comprised of a number of native groups located between the Rio Grande and Arkansas rivers

Question 10

Define “Apaches.”

Answer 10

the first Texas people to successfully adapt to the horse, which allowed them to dominate the Southern Plains during the latter decades of the seventeenth century

Question 11

Define “Pueblos.”

Answer 11

a culture known to the Spanish as the Jumanos which tied the Mississippian Caddoans and the New Mexican Puebloans together in trade and exchange

Question 12

Define “Comanches.”

Answer 12

a Native American group that emerged from the Rocky Mountains and migrated to the Southern Plains in the late seventeenth century

Question 13

Define “Cabeza de Vaca.”

Answer 13

one of four survivors of Pánfilo de Narváez’s failed expedition to Texas

Question 14

Define “Luis de Moscoso.”

Answer 14

Spanish explorer who led a small group of soldiers into Texas as far as the Trinity River

Question 15

Define “Spanish horses.”

Answer 15

first introduced to New Mexico in 1598, the horse quickly became a Southern Plains competitor with the buffalo

Question 16

Which giant mammal of the Great Plains survived the end of the Ice Age?

Answer 16

dwarf bison

Question 17

Which tribe were the Karankawas a part of?

Answer 17

Coahuiltecans

Question 18

Where did the Mississippian Cultural Tradition begin?

Answer 18

Cahokia, Illinois

Question 19

The term “Tejas” means friend in which Native American language?

Answer 19

Caddoan

Question 20

The Pueblo Indians live in which river valley?

Answer 20

Rio Grande

Question 21

The Tonkawas lived in which region of Texas?

Answer 21

Central Texas

Question 22

Which tribes were Plains Indians?

Answer 22

the Comanches, Apaches, and Jumanos

Question 23

Which terms are Caddo confederacies?

Answer 23

Kadohadacho, Natchitoches, and Hasinai

Question 24

Which Spanish explorer landed on the coast of Texas?

Answer 24

Pánfilo de Narváez

Question 25

The 1573 Royal Order for New Discoveries gave which group the central role in the exploration and settlement of new lands?

Answer 25

missionaries

Question 26

T/F: Paleoindians of Texas farmed corn, beans, and squash.

Answer 26

false: the Paleoindians predated these crops by thousands of years

Question 27

T/F: Archaic Indians developed the atlatl and the bow and arrow.

Answer 27

true: the Archaic Indians developed this technology around 600 AD

Question 28

T/F: The Karankawa Indians of Coastal Texas were most like the Caddos of East Texas.

Answer 28

false: the Karankawas were nomadic, while the Caddos were sedentary

Question 29

T/F: the Mississippian Cultural Tradition began in Etowah, Georgia.

Answer 29

false: the Mississippian Cultural Tradition began in Cahokia, Illinois

Question 30

T/F: the Caddos of East Texas were led by a chief known as the caddí.

Answer 30

true: the caddí presided over a well-defined chain of command that carried out his orders

Question 31

T/F: the Jumano Indians conducted trade between the Pueblos and the Caddos.

Answer 31

true: the Jumanos brought buffalo meat and hides to the Pueblos and acquired cotton blankets and turquoise nuggets to exchange with the Caddoans

Question 32

T/F: the Spanish explorer Francisco Coronado landed on the Texas Gulf Coast.

Answer 32

false: Coronado left Mexico with a few hundred Spaniards and headed toward the Rio Grande by land

Question 33

T/F: Comanche lifestyle revolved around the acquisition of the horse and pursuit of buffalo.

Answer 33

true: the Comanche used horses to hunt buffalo, which eventually made them the dominant Native American group of the region

Question 34

T/F: the Atakapa Indians lived on the Great Plains of Texas.

Answer 34

false: the Atakapas lived along the Gulf Coast from Galveston Bay eastwards toward the Mississippi River

Question 35

T/F: Wichitas and Caddos lived in houses made of grass.

Answer 35

true: the Caddos lived in well-constructed dwellings of grass and reeds resembling a haystack

Question 36

Who created the Clovis Point?

Answer 36

Paleoindians

Question 37

Who inhabited South Texas and Northern New Mexico?

Answer 37

Coahuiltecans

Question 38

What is the “American triad?”

Answer 38

corn, beans, and squash

Question 39

What is a xinesi?

Answer 39

Caddo priest

Question 40

What tribe were the Wacos a part of?

Answer 40

Wichita tribe

Question 41

Which group of Indians are the Apaches connected with?

Answer 41

Archaic Indians

Question 42

Who was Hernando de Soto?

Answer 42

Spanish explorer

Question 43

Which tribe used the word nuhmuhnuh, or “people?”

Answer 43

Comanche

Question 44

Who was known to the Spanish as the Kingdom of Tejas?

Answer 44

Hasinai Indians

Question 45

What was La Junta?

Answer 45

Jumano settlement