Chapter One

Question 1

What is the highest level of organization of the body?

Answer 1

The person him/herself is the highest level of organization

Question 2

Provide all the levels of organization that relate to the body. Provide an example of each.

Answer 2

1. Organ systems: ie Nervous system
2. Organs: ie: made up of different tissues
3. Tissues: ie: made of similar cell types ie: epithelial tissues
4. Cells: ie made up of many organelles ie: immune cells
5. Organelles: made of different chemicals ie: mitochondrian
6. Chemicals: built from structures varying in size from atoms to molecules, to macromolecules.

MOOTCOC - Me, Organ systems, Organs, Tissues, Cells, Organelles, Chemicals.

Question 3

What is metabolism?

Answer 3

All of the physiological processes that generate life. The sum of reactions that take place to build up and break down the body.

Question 4

What are the 11 organ systems of the body?

Answer 4

1. Integumentary system: hair, skin, nails, sweat glands. This system protects the body from external damage.
2. Skeletal system: bones, tendons, ligaments. This system supports the body with a rigid structure able to resist and move.
3. Muscular system: skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles, smooth muscles. They produce movement - to walk, to move blood through veins, or food through intestines.
4. Nervous system: Brain and nervous tissues. responsible for electrochemical cellular communication, which triggers thought and movement both voluntary and involuntary.
5. Endocrine system: Hormonal organs and glands. Pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, testes, ovaries etc. Allows for chemical cellular communication within the body.
6. Circulatory system: Heart, blood, blood vessels. Transports hormones, enzymes, and other chemicals throughout the body.
7. Immune system: thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils. Provides protection against pathogens.
8. Respiratory system: nasal cavity, lungs, trachea. Excretes carbon dioxide, brings in oxygen.
9. Digestive system: stomach, intestines, esophagus, liver, gallbladder etc. Breaks down and absorbs nutrients in food and drink.
10. Urinary system: Urethra, bladder, kidneys. Produces, stores, and excretes urine.
11. Reproductive system: Sex organs and glands. Responsible for human reproduction.

Question 5

What are the 4 major tissue types in the human body?

Answer 5

1. Muscle tissues: ie: Heart
2. Epithelial tissues: ie: Skin
3. Connective tissues: ie: joints
4. Nervous tissues: Brain

C.E.M.N.

Question 6

What is the purpose of enzymes in the human body? How does nutrition play a role in how our enzymes function?

Answer 6

Enzymes are largest group of proteins in the body. They facilitate and speed up nearly every chemical reaction that happens in the body. Nutritional factors, vitamin and mineral status influence enzymatic function. Enzymes use nutrients gathered from the food we eat to carry out their function.

Question 7

Briefly describe why people respond differently to the digestion and absorption of certain foods.

Answer 7

While we are share the same basic mechanics of human function, we also have a unique genetic code, which provides cellular instruction for making proteins. Because our genetic profiles are all slightly different, the proteins we make may also differ. These variations are responsible for our own individual responses to the food we eat. Genetic polymorphism.

Question 8

List 7 important Organelles.

Answer 8

1. Plasma membrane: separates cells from each other. Responds differently to different fats. Good fats keep it flexible. Bad fats rigid.
2. Mitochondrian: supply the cells energy, converting fat carb protein to energy
3. Nucleus: where the blue print DNA lives
4. Golgi appartus: receive genetic message from DNA and make and trasport required proteins to use inside and outside the cell. GPS and factory for making proteins.
5. Lysosomes and peroxisomes: Garbage containers. Lysole and peroxide - they clean up the mess!

6.