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Psyc from the beginning > Chapter one > Flashcards

Chapter one Flashcards

1
Q

Psychology:

A

the scientific study of thought and behaviour

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2
Q

Psychologists have 4 main goals

A

Describe
Explain
Predict
change

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3
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

the study of how people, perceive information, solve problems, learn and remember

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4
Q

Developmental psychology:

A

studies how thought and behavior change as we develope over the span of our lives

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5
Q

Behavioral neuroscience:

A

studies link of brain, mind and behavior

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6
Q

Biological psychology

A

study of bodily systems and chemicals and how they affect behavior

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7
Q

Personality psychology:

A

studies what makes us unique and consistencies in people’s behavior

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8
Q

Social psychology

A

studies how the real or imagined presence of others influences people’s behavior

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9
Q

Clinical psychology:

A

focuses on diagnosing and treatment of mental, emotional and behavioral disorders

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10
Q

Health psychology:

A

examines role of psychological factors in physical health and illness

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11
Q

Educational psychology:

A

studies how students learn, effectiveness of teaching techniques, psychology of teaching

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12
Q

Industrial/ organizational psychology:

A

matching employees to jobs and trying to improve work performance

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13
Q

Sports psychology:

A

examining how psychological factors influence performance

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14
Q

Forensic psychology

A

Blends psychology, law and criminal justice. Make legal evaluations of a witness mental competency to see if they are fit for trial, see if a parent is fit to have a kid under their custody

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15
Q

Prehistoric views

A

Humans tried to cure mental problems
Most cultures had medicine people known as shamans
Shamans tried to treat the possessed with exorcisms, incantation and prayer
Sometimes they wore scary wooden masks to drive spirits away

Sometimes the shamans practiced trephination (drilling small holes into heads either for medical or psychological purposes, we don’t know)

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16
Q

Ancient views

A

Ancient CHINESE moved away from supernatural explanations and into natural and PHSIOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS
They made connections to a person’s organs and that person’s emotions
Greek physicians moved to physiological explanations, fighting common belief mental disorders came from the gods
NATIVE NA (north american) medicine relied on SPIRITUAL HEALING but also used herbs and botanicals to treat both mental and physical problems

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17
Q

Medieval to Early Modern Views

A

In MEDEVIL EUROPE –> SUPERNATURAL CAUSES (possessed by spirits, demons etc)
WITCHCRAFT seen as work of devil so they used the float test
First asylum in 16th or 17th century
Treatment meant removing the people from society, not helping them adjust to society, placed in filthy, horrible rooms and conditions
MORAL TREATMENT came later (dignity and care) ← Philippe Pinel was first to do this

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18
Q

Late 19th to Early 20th Century Views

A

Simply one form of medical illness that needed medical treatment and therapy, LIKE ANY OTHER MEDICAL ILLNESS
Emil Kraepelin BEGAN CLASSIFYING DISORDERS and diagnosing people, also first to distinguish thought from mood disorders
In early 20th century, Sigmund Freud developed a form of therapy called psychoanalysis which assumes the unconscious mine is the most powerful force behind thought and behaviour and dreams are the most direct link to the unconscious mind

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19
Q

Modern views

A

By mid 20th century, 3 major modern developments of CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY EMERGED: psychotherapy, drug therapy and modern criteria to diagnosing mental disorders
Currently two systems for classifying disorders :
The International Classification for Diseases
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
North american psychologists tend to use the Diagnostic and statistical manual

20
Q

Empiricism

A

the view that all knowledge and thoughts comes from experience; the mind comes as a blank slate

21
Q

Psychophysics:

A

the study of how people experience physical sensations

22
Q

William James :

A

considered the founder of psychology in North America

23
Q

Mary Calkins

A

A student of William James, Mary Calkins was the first female president of the APA (American Psychological Association)
- Because Mary Caulkin was a woman, She and William James did course work at home as at the time, Harvard was an all-male University. She did all the requirements of a PhD but Harvard wouldn’t give it to her because she was a woman

24
Q

Margaret Washburn

A

was the first woman to be awarded a PhD in psychology

25
Q

Structuralism vs Functionalism

A

Structuralism: breaking down experience into its elemental parts is best way to study the mind. Detailed analysis of experience

Functionalism: better to look at why the mind worked the way it did rather than the part of the mind.

26
Q

Structuralism

A

breaking down experience into its elemental parts is best way to study the mind. Detailed analysis of experience
Main method of structuralism: introspection
Looking into one’s own mind for information and the nature of conscious experience
Eventually died out

27
Q

Functionalism

A

Functionalism: better to look at why the mind worked the way it did rather than the part of the mind.
Influenced by Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection
Functionalists used introspection as well
Famous functionalist is William James
Functionalism eventually faded as a “school of thought” a lot of modern psychology is based off of elements of functionalism

Eventually, introspection failed as a method of science because it’s difficult to pinpoint what experiences are.

28
Q

John Watson founded________

A

Behaviorism
Says psychology can only be a real science if it only examines observable behavior, not thoughts, feelings, motives, etc
John Watson thought mental experiences could not be directly measured and if psychology focused on internal states it would forever be a false science
Behaviorism is an extreme form of the school of psychology: environmentalism
Little albert experiment

29
Q

Environmentalism

A

View that all behaviour is a result of experiences interacting with the world
Most famous person who believed in this was B.F Skinner

30
Q

B.F Skinner

A

Believed psychology should have two main goals: prediction and control of behaviour
Modified Watson’s views and argued consequences shaped behavior

31
Q

Humanistic psychology

A

: an approach that focused on personal growth and meaning in order to reach one’s true potential

32
Q

Positive psychology:

A

thought that psychology should focus on studying, understanding and promoting healthy and positive psychological functioning

33
Q

Gestalt psychology:

A

Gestalt psychology: perception occurs in unified wholes. Where the whole is more than the sum of its parts

34
Q

Neuroscience:

A

: the interdisciplinary study of the structure and function of human and animal brains

35
Q

Canadian neurosurgeon Wilder Penfield

A

Burnt toast

Destroying nerve cells where seizures originated

36
Q

Psychologist Donald Hebb

A

“What fires together, wires together”

Repeated stimulation of brain cells leads to physical change in those cells

37
Q

Hebb’s student Brenda Milner

A

Studied the case of H.M

Had to introduce herself to him everytime

38
Q

Individualist culture

A

a culture where individuals needs are emphasized and important to have a strong sense of identity and feel good about yourself

39
Q

Collectivist culture:

A

where people tend to view themselves as connected to others; the needs of the group are more important than the needs of the individual

40
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

: applying evolutionary principles to explain the development of mental characteristics and behaviors

41
Q

Nature vs nurture

A

Nature: who we are comes from inborn tendencies

Nurture: we become who we are through experiences, we are all the same at birth

42
Q

Soft Wiring

A

Soft Wiring

Biological systems are inherited however they are still open to environmental influence/ modification

43
Q

Hard wiring

A

not learned

44
Q

Mind-body Dualism

A

French philosopher and mathematician, Rene Descartes, proposed an idea that the mind and body are separate entities: mind-body dualism
Allows for many ideas of western thinking
Soul survives death
Humans are superior to animals

45
Q

Ted Talk→ Molly Crockett : Beware Neuro Bunk

A

Studies decision making though experiments testing how different chemicals in the brain influences the choices we make
See how serotonin affects how people reacted when treated unfairly
No serotonin vs normal serotonin
No serotonin as lemon drink lowered levels of tryptophan

No serotonin: more likely to take revenge

Normal amount serotonin: less likely to take revenge
Interpreted in magazines as cheese sandwich takes away all tough decisions or bad problems

Brain on product, people are more likely to buy it
Picture of brain on article→ people agreed with article
No picture of brain → people didn’t agree as much with article

Neuro bunk
You can use brain scans to read people’s thoughts and emotions→ false
Can’t just pick and choose info off list from insula → love iphone

46
Q

The Evolution of Behavior

A

Change overtime in the frequency with which specific genes occur within a breeding species

Natural selection- Charles darwin

Psyc from the beginning (6 decks)

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