Chapter One Flashcards by Evan Smith

Name the 4 types of bones and there functions

Flat - protect vital organs
Long - gross movement
Short - fine movement
Irregular

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5 functions of skeleton

Support
Protection
Movement
Mineral storage
Blood cell production

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Structures in a synovial joint

Cartilage
Synovial fluid
Synovial membrane
Bursae

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2 types of joints

Hinge - movement in one direction
Ball and socket - movement in multiple directions

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Define flexion and extension

Flexion - decreasing angle at a joint
Extension - increasing angle at a joint

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Define abduction and adduction

Abduction - movement of a limb away from the body midline
Adduction - movement of a limb towards the body midline

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Difference + definition between rotation and circumduction

Rotation - twisting movement around an axis
Circumduction - circular movement at a joint

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Define antagonistic pairs and examples

Muscles that work in pairs: one contracts (agonist) and one relaxes (antagonist)

Examples include:
Bicep + tricep
Hamstring + quadriceps

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Pathway of air to the lungs

Nose/mouth, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

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Gaseous exchange at alveoli

Oxygen diffuses into blood, carbon dioxide diffuses out

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How alveoli are adapted for gaseous exchange

Thin moist walls
Large surface area
Large network of capillaries

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3 blood vessels and functions + structure

Arteries - carry blood at high pressure away from heart, thick elastic wall, narrow lumen
Veins - carry blood at low pressure to the heart, thin elastic wall, wide lumen, valves to prevent back flow
Capillaries - exchange of gas in lungs, one cell thick to allow easier diffusion, large surface area

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Name the 4 chambers in the heart

Right and left ventricle
Right and left atrium

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Flow of blood+oxygen

Oxygenated blood through pulmonary vein to left atrium
Passes through to left ventricle
Left ventricle to body through aorta to body where becomes deoxygenated
Back to heart through vena carva
Passes through right atrium to right ventricle
Right ventricle through pulmonary artery to lungs where becomes oxygenated again

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Cardiac output equation

Stroke volume x heart rate

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Define diastole and systole

Diastole - heart chambers relax and fill with blood
Systole - heart chambers contract and pump blood out

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What happens at inspiration

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract
Cavity enlarges
Air enters

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What happens at exhalation

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax
Cavity reduces
Air leaves

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Define tidal volume

Amount of air that moves in and out lungs

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What does a spirometer measure

Flow of air in your lungs

Define tendon

Joins muscle to bone

Define ligament

Joins bone to bone

Benefit of strengthened ligaments and tendons

Greater stamina

Name all bones in the leg and foot

Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsal
Metatarsal
Talus
Phalanges

Name all bones in the arm and hand

Humerus Ulna - little finger side Radius - thumb side Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges

Name all the bones in the centre body and shoulder

Vertebrae Ribs Sternum Clavicle (collarbone) Scapula (shoulder blade) Pelvis

Name the bone that protects the brain

Cranium

What do intercostal muscles do

Aid the ribs during breathing, allowing the lungs to expand and contract

Define aerobic respiration

Exercise with oxygen, low to moderate intensity, long duration

Define anaerobic respiration

Exercise without oxygen Short duration High intensity

Give 2 examples of anaerobic events and aerobic events

Aerobic: Marathon Long cycle Anaerobic: 100m sprit Weightlifting

What is lactic acid

Build up of waste products Product of anaerobic respiration Causes fatigue

What is oxygen debt

Extra oxygen needed to be repaid after exercise to remove lactic acid and recover

Word equation for anaerobic respiration

Glucose — lactic acid + energy

Word equation for aerobic respiration

Oxygen + glucose — carbon dioxide + water

Immediate effects of exercise

Increased heart rate Increased breathing rate Red hot skin Sweating

Short terms of exercise

Fatigue DOMS Nausea and dizziness

Long term effects of exercise

Improved cardiovascular endurance Improved muscular endurance Body weight changes Body shape changes

Define doms

Delayed onset muscle soreness - occurs 24-72 hours after intense exercise

Define EPOC

Excess post-excess oxygen consumption - increased rate of oxygen intake to restore the body to its normal resting state

What is a synovial joint

A freely moveable joint in the body where bones meet and movement occurs

What is the function of synovial fluid

Lubricates the joint to reduce friction

What is the function of cartilage in a synovial joint

Prevents bones from rubbing together, reduces friction, acts as absorber

What is the function of bursae

Reduce friction allowing smooth movement

Define dorsiflexion and planter flexion

Dorsiflexion - toes pointed upwards, decreased angle at the ankle Planter flexion - toes pointed downwards, increases angle at the ankle

Name all muscles in the leg

Quadriceps Hamstring Tibialus anterior Gastrocnemius

Name all muscles in the centre body

Abdominals Gluteals Obliques ?

Name all muscles in the upper body

Deltoid Pectorals Bicep Tricep Trapezius Latissimus dorsi