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Illinois Pesticide Applicator License > Chapter One > Flashcards

Chapter One Flashcards

Pest control, pests, insects and other animals, plant diseases, and weeds

1
Q

pest

A

any insect, mite, rodent, fungus, weed, or other organism that is injurous to humans, plants, animals, or the environment

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2
Q

IPM

A

Integrated Pest Management is an approach for plant protection that is recommended for efficient pest control with minimal environmental impact

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3
Q

List one or both IPM goals

A

keep pest problems below economic level (production crops) or below aesthetic injury level (non-crop or ornamental); avoid adverse affects of humans, wildlife, and the environment

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4
Q

True or false: a goal of IPM is to eliminate all pests

A

False! We want to optimize, not maximize, plant control.

Ex: the presence of some weeds can reduce soil erosion

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5
Q

economic threshold

A

number of pests per plant or amount of damage to a plant at which point control measures should begin

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6
Q

economic injury level

A

defines how much injury can be tolerated. the breakeven point at which the cost of pest control equals the revenue loss caused by a pest

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7
Q

aesthetic injury level

A

the cost of pest control equals the amount of damage done to a plant’s appearance

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8
Q

When is scouting done?

A

before treatment

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9
Q

cultural control

A

improves plant health so it can compete better against plants

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10
Q

List an example of cultural control

A

turfgrass that is mowed and manured;
mulching in ornamental areas to control weeds;
crop rotation;
using varieties less susceptible to diseases

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11
Q

mechanical control

A

physically eliminating pests

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12
Q

List an example of mechanical control

A

hand pulling weeds;
hoeing;
pruning off branches with insects or disease;
burning dead plant material

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13
Q

biological control

A

uses living organisms to reduce pest populations below economic/aesthetic injury level

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14
Q

List an example of biological control

A

biological releases of beneficial insects

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15
Q

preventative control

A

helps prevent entry and spread of pests

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16
Q

List an example of preventative control

A

inspections of vehicles at borders;
regulation of plant imports;
cleaning and sanitizing tools before use

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17
Q

chemical control

A

the use of herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, repellents, or fumigants

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18
Q

What should I consider before using pesticides?

A

other effective nonchemical controls;
has scouting indicated the pest population is large enough to warrant control?;
is this the correct time to apply?

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19
Q

Why can a pesticide fail?

A

applied the wrong type of pesticide;
applied the pesticide when the pest is not in a susceptible stage;
applying pesticide to the wrong part of the plant;
applying to a resistant pest population

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20
Q

True or false: most insects are pests

A

False! Most insects, such as bees, are beneficial and are not pests

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21
Q

Why is insect identification important?

A

understand if it is injurious to the plant;
know if pest is susceptible to control

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22
Q

Name three insect traits

A

have an exoskeleton; can ID with shape and number of body parts;
sheds exoskeleton as they grow larger and grow another one

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23
Q

What are the three distinct insect body regions?

A

head, thorax, and abdomen

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24
Q

immature insect

A

has no wings and does not reproduce. most have six legs, but some have more

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25
Q

What are the three life stages of incomplete development?

A

egg, nymph, and adult

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26
Q

pupae

A

resting stage when it does not eat and is not very active

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27
Q

What are the four life stages of complete development?

A

egg, larva, pupa, adult

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28
Q

mites

A

spider-like; adults have 4 pairs of jointed legs

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29
Q

ticks

A

large mites with leathery skin

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30
Q

spiders

A

four pairs of legs; only feed on insects and small animals

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31
Q

centipedes

A

relatively fast animals; feed on insects and other small animals; generally not considered pests

32
Q

millipedes

A

slow-moving animals that feed on decaying organic matter

33
Q

crustaceans

A

include sowbugs and pillbugs (7 pairs of legs) and crayfish (5 pairs of legs). those examples eat decaying organic matter

34
Q

What birds are not protected under the law?

A

non-native birds (starlings, feral pigeons, and house sparrows)

34
Q

What mammals are not protected by law?

A

Rats, mice, and ground squirrels

35
Q

When is a plant considered diseased?

A

when it differs from a normal (healthy) plant in appearance, structure, or function

35
Q

plant pathology

A

study of plant diseases

36
Q

What are the two broad categories of plant diseases

A

infectious and noninfectious

37
Q

List traits of noninfectious diseases

A

cannot be transferred from pest to pest or plant to plant;
often a result of unfavorable growing conditions (temperature, moisture, compaction, pesticide misapplication, air pollution)

38
Q

List traits of infectious diseases

A

multiply within host; can be transferred from plant to plant; caused by pathogens or living organisms (fungi, bacteria, nematodes, viruses, phytoplasmas)

39
Q

fungi

A

small multi-celled organisms that feed on waste materials; most are beneficial but some are pathogenic

40
Q

bacteria

A

microscopic single-celled organisms; enter plants through wounds or natural openings

41
Q

nematodes

A

microscopic roundworms that live in or on soil; feed in the roots of plants; few are injurious

42
Q

viruses

A

submicroscopic pieces of DNA or RNA transmitted by sap-sucking insects; cannot be controlled by pesticides

43
Q

phytoplasma

A

bacteria-like organisms that lack cell walls; transmitted by sap sucking insects or plant propagation, cannot be controlled by pesticides

44
Q

blight

A

large, dead areas on leaves, shoots, or flowers, often occurring rapidly

45
Q

canker

A

a localized, often sunken, dead area on a twig, branch, or stem

46
Q

chlorosis

A

yellowish-green coloration in normally green tissues, such as leaves

47
Q

dieback

A

gradual death of individual branch or group of branches

48
Q

distortion

A

twisting or abnormally shaped leaved and roots

49
Q

gall

A

abnormal swelling of a portion of a branch, leaf, root, or bud; a tumor

50
Q

leaf spots

A

small discolored areas on foliage

51
Q

marginal necrosis

A

brown, dead tissue around the edges of leaves

52
Q

mosaic

A

intermingling patches of yellow and green tissue on a leaf

53
Q

rot

A

tissue breakdown or decay

54
Q

scorch

A

“burning” pf leaf margins as a result of infection or unfavorable environmental conditions

55
Q

stunting

A

abnormally small size of entire plant or plant part

56
Q

wilt

A

flaccid, limp conditions of leaves or nonwoody shoots resulting from lack of water

57
Q

witches brooming

A

twig growth resulting from a lack of apical dominance, causing side shoots to elongate equally and forming a dense cluster or broomlike mass of twigs

58
Q

What four elements are necessary for the development of an infectious plant disease?

A

Susceptible host, plant pathogen, favorable environment, and time

59
Q

weed

A

any plant growing where it is not wanted;
some weeds are legally declared noxious

60
Q

What is the first step in weed control?

A

Correct identification of the plant

61
Q

What are the three “groups” of weeds?

A

Grass, grasslike, or broadleaf plants

62
Q

Noxious weeds

A

Declared so by Illinois law, must be controlled.
Ex: common/giant ragweed, johnsongrass, and sorghum-almum

63
Q

Exotic weeds

A

Unlawful to buy, sell, offers for sale, distribute, or plant.
Ex: Japanese honeysuckle, multiflora rose, purple loosestrife

64
Q

Describe grass and grasslike weeds

A

Parallel veins, hairs on the leaf blades, some have a bunch-type grow habit, some spread into a group of many plants. Grasslike plants will have different stem shapes and leaves (such as wild garlic with hollow leaves)

65
Q

Describe broadleaf weeds

A

Net-veined leaves, less elongated leaves than grass(like) weeds.

66
Q

When are plants easiest to control?

A

When they are seedlings

67
Q

What are the three types of weed lifecycles?

A

Annual (complete life cycle in one year), biennial (completes life cycle in two years), and perennial (live longer than two years, but will likely shed leaves in the fall or will die back above ground)

68
Q

Give examples of summer annual weeds

A

Foxtail, crabgrass, pigweed, and common lambsquarters

69
Q

Give examples of winter annuals

A

Annual bluegrass, downy brome, common chickweed, henbit

70
Q

When should annual seeds be controlled?

A

Before they seed

71
Q

Give examples of biennial weeds

A

Wild carrot (Queen Anne’s lace), bull and musk thistle, common burdock, and common mullein

72
Q

When are biennials most susceptible to chemical control (after the seedling stage)?

A

During the rosette stage (before frost in year one) or before producing a flower stalk (in the early summer of year two)

73
Q

Give examples of perennial weeds

A

Canada thistle, dandelions, poison ivy, and multiflora rose

74
Q

How do perennial weeds reproduce?

A

From seeds or vegetative reproductive parts?

Illinois Pesticide Applicator License (2 decks)

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