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Illinois Pesticide Applicator License > Chapter One > Flashcards

Chapter One Flashcards

Pest control, pests, insects and other animals, plant diseases, and weeds

1
Q

pest

A

any insect, mite, rodent, fungus, weed, or other organism that is injurous to humans, plants, animals, or the environment

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2
Q

IPM

A

Integrated Pest Management is an approach for plant protection that is recommended for efficient pest control with minimal environmental impact

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3
Q

List one or both IPM goals

A

keep pest problems below economic level (production crops) or below aesthetic injury level (non-crop or ornamental); avoid adverse affects of humans, wildlife, and the environment

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4
Q

True or false: a goal of IPM is to eliminate all pests

A

False! We want to optimize, not maximize, plant control.

Ex: the presence of some weeds can reduce soil erosion

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5
Q

economic threshold

A

number of pests per plant or amount of damage to a plant at which point control measures should begin

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6
Q

economic injury level

A

defines how much injury can be tolerated. the breakeven point at which the cost of pest control equals the revenue loss caused by a pest

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7
Q

aesthetic injury level

A

the cost of pest control equals the amount of damage done to a plant’s appearance

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8
Q

When is scouting done?

A

before treatment

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9
Q

cultural control

A

improves plant health so it can compete better against plants

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10
Q

List an example of cultural control

A

turfgrass that is mowed and manured;
mulching in ornamental areas to control weeds;
crop rotation;
using varieties less susceptible to diseases

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11
Q

mechanical control

A

physically eliminating pests

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12
Q

List an example of mechanical control

A

hand pulling weeds;
hoeing;
pruning off branches with insects or disease;
burning dead plant material

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13
Q

biological control

A

uses living organisms to reduce pest populations below economic/aesthetic injury level

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14
Q

List an example of biological control

A

biological releases of beneficial insects

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15
Q

preventative control

A

helps prevent entry and spread of pests

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16
Q

List an example of preventative control

A

inspections of vehicles at borders;
regulation of plant imports;
cleaning and sanitizing tools before use

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17
Q

chemical control

A

the use of herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, repellents, or fumigants

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18
Q

What should I consider before using pesticides?

A

other effective nonchemical controls;
has scouting indicated the pest population is large enough to warrant control?;
is this the correct time to apply?

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19
Q

Why can a pesticide fail?

A

applied the wrong type of pesticide;
applied the pesticide when the pest is not in a susceptible stage;
applying pesticide to the wrong part of the plant;
applying to a resistant pest population

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20
Q

True or false: most insects are pests

A

False! Most insects, such as bees, are beneficial and are not pests

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21
Q

Why is insect identification important?

A

understand if it is injurious to the plant;
know if pest is susceptible to control

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22
Q

Name three insect traits

A

have an exoskeleton; can ID with shape and number of body parts;
sheds exoskeleton as they grow larger and grow another one

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23
Q

What are the three distinct insect body regions?

A

head, thorax, and abdomen

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24
Q

immature insect

A

has no wings and does not reproduce. most have six legs, but some have more

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25
What are the three life stages of incomplete development?
egg, nymph, and adult
26
pupae
resting stage when it does not eat and is not very active
27
What are the four life stages of complete development?
egg, larva, pupa, adult
28
mites
spider-like; adults have 4 pairs of jointed legs
29
ticks
large mites with leathery skin
30
spiders
four pairs of legs; only feed on insects and small animals
31
centipedes
relatively fast animals; feed on insects and other small animals; generally not considered pests
32
millipedes
slow-moving animals that feed on decaying organic matter
33
crustaceans
include sowbugs and pillbugs (7 pairs of legs) and crayfish (5 pairs of legs). those examples eat decaying organic matter
34
What birds are not protected under the law?
non-native birds (starlings, feral pigeons, and house sparrows)
34
What mammals are not protected by law?
Rats, mice, and ground squirrels
35
When is a plant considered diseased?
when it differs from a normal (healthy) plant in appearance, structure, or function
35
plant pathology
study of plant diseases
36
What are the two broad categories of plant diseases
infectious and noninfectious
37
List traits of noninfectious diseases
cannot be transferred from pest to pest or plant to plant; often a result of unfavorable growing conditions (temperature, moisture, compaction, pesticide misapplication, air pollution)
38
List traits of infectious diseases
multiply within host; can be transferred from plant to plant; caused by pathogens or living organisms (fungi, bacteria, nematodes, viruses, phytoplasmas)
39
fungi
small multi-celled organisms that feed on waste materials; most are beneficial but some are pathogenic
40
bacteria
microscopic single-celled organisms; enter plants through wounds or natural openings
41
nematodes
microscopic roundworms that live in or on soil; feed in the roots of plants; few are injurious
42
viruses
submicroscopic pieces of DNA or RNA transmitted by sap-sucking insects; cannot be controlled by pesticides
43
phytoplasma
bacteria-like organisms that lack cell walls; transmitted by sap sucking insects or plant propagation, cannot be controlled by pesticides
44
blight
large, dead areas on leaves, shoots, or flowers, often occurring rapidly
45
canker
a localized, often sunken, dead area on a twig, branch, or stem
46
chlorosis
yellowish-green coloration in normally green tissues, such as leaves
47
dieback
gradual death of individual branch or group of branches
48
distortion
twisting or abnormally shaped leaved and roots
49
gall
abnormal swelling of a portion of a branch, leaf, root, or bud; a tumor
50
leaf spots
small discolored areas on foliage
51
marginal necrosis
brown, dead tissue around the edges of leaves
52
mosaic
intermingling patches of yellow and green tissue on a leaf
53
rot
tissue breakdown or decay
54
scorch
"burning" pf leaf margins as a result of infection or unfavorable environmental conditions
55
stunting
abnormally small size of entire plant or plant part
56
wilt
flaccid, limp conditions of leaves or nonwoody shoots resulting from lack of water
57
witches brooming
twig growth resulting from a lack of apical dominance, causing side shoots to elongate equally and forming a dense cluster or broomlike mass of twigs
58
What four elements are necessary for the development of an infectious plant disease?
Susceptible host, plant pathogen, favorable environment, and time
59
weed
any plant growing where it is not wanted; some weeds are legally declared noxious
60
What is the first step in weed control?
Correct identification of the plant
61
What are the three "groups" of weeds?
Grass, grasslike, or broadleaf plants
62
Noxious weeds
Declared so by Illinois law, must be controlled. Ex: common/giant ragweed, johnsongrass, and sorghum-almum
63
Exotic weeds
Unlawful to buy, sell, offers for sale, distribute, or plant. Ex: Japanese honeysuckle, multiflora rose, purple loosestrife
64
Describe grass and grasslike weeds
Parallel veins, hairs on the leaf blades, some have a bunch-type grow habit, some spread into a group of many plants. Grasslike plants will have different stem shapes and leaves (such as wild garlic with hollow leaves)
65
Describe broadleaf weeds
Net-veined leaves, less elongated leaves than grass(like) weeds.
66
When are plants easiest to control?
When they are seedlings
67
What are the three types of weed lifecycles?
Annual (complete life cycle in one year), biennial (completes life cycle in two years), and perennial (live longer than two years, but will likely shed leaves in the fall or will die back above ground)
68
Give examples of summer annual weeds
Foxtail, crabgrass, pigweed, and common lambsquarters
69
Give examples of winter annuals
Annual bluegrass, downy brome, common chickweed, henbit
70
When should annual seeds be controlled?
Before they seed
71
Give examples of biennial weeds
Wild carrot (Queen Anne's lace), bull and musk thistle, common burdock, and common mullein
72
When are biennials most susceptible to chemical control (after the seedling stage)?
During the rosette stage (before frost in year one) or before producing a flower stalk (in the early summer of year two)
73
Give examples of perennial weeds
Canada thistle, dandelions, poison ivy, and multiflora rose
74
How do perennial weeds reproduce?
From seeds or vegetative reproductive parts?

Illinois Pesticide Applicator License (2 decks)

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