Chapter One

Question 1

Definition of Structuralism

Answer 1

Wilhelm Wundt’s approach, focuses on uncovering the fundamental mental components of consciousness, thinking, and other kinds of mental states and activities.

Question 2

Definition of Functionalism

Answer 2

An early approach to psychology that concentrated on what the mind does—the functions of mental activity—and the role of behaviour in allowing people to adapt to their environments.

Question 3

What are the 5 major perspectives in psychology today?

Answer 3

Behavioural, Cognitive, Psychodynamic, Humanist, and Neuroscience.

Question 4

Who are the founding women in Psychology?

Answer 4

Margret Floy Washburn, Mary Calkins, Karen Horney, June Etta Downey, Anna Freud, Mamie Phipps Clark

Question 5

What is scientific skepticism?

Answer 5

an approach to strange or unusual claims where doubt is preferred to belief, given a lack of conclusive evidence.

Question 6

What are the pseudoscience warning signs?

Answer 6

exaggerated claims, reliance on confirmation bias, lack of openness to evaluation by other experts.

Question 7

What are the steps of scientific thinking?

Answer 7

1. Identify questions of interest
2. formulate an explanation
3. carry out research deigned to support or refute the explanation.

Question 8

What are the research methods mentioned in Chapter One?

Answer 8

Naturalistic Observation, Survey Research, Case Studies, Correlation Research, Experimental Research, Descriptive Research

Question 9

What are measures of central tendency?

Answer 9

mean, median and mode.

Question 10

What is correlation research?

Answer 10

Research in which the relationship between two sets of variables is examined to determine whether they are associated, or “correlated.”

Question 11

What are response sets?

Answer 11

the human tendency to answer questions in ways that are the most complimentary, or flattering, to the respondent rather than telling the absolute truth.

Question 12

What is the definition of hypothesis?

Answer 12

A prediction, stemming from a theory, is stated in a way that allows it to be tested. Usually phrased as an if/then statement.

Question 13

What is the definition of theories?

Answer 13

Plausible explanations for existing and true facts.

Question 14

What is operationalism?

Answer 14

The translation of a hypothesis into specific, testable procedures that can be measured and observed.

Question 15

What is an independent variable?

Answer 15

The variable that is manipulated by an experimenter.

Question 16

What is a dependent variable?

Answer 16

The variable that is measured and is expected to change as a result of changes caused by the experimenter’s manipulation of the independent variable.

Question 17

What is random assignment?

Answer 17

A procedure in which participants are assigned to different experimental groups or “conditions” on the basis of chance and chance alone.

Question 18

What is a representative sample?

Answer 18

the sample is a fairly accurate reflection of the population from which the sample is drawn.

Question 19

What is Neuroscience perspective?

Answer 19

The approach that views behaviour from the perspective of the brain, the nervous system, and other biological functions.

Question 20

What is Behavioural perspective?

Answer 20

The approach that suggests that observable, measurable behaviour should be the focus of study.

Question 21

What is Cognitive perspective?

Answer 21

The approach that focuses on how people think, understand, and process information about the world.

Question 22

What is Humanistic perspective?

Answer 22

The approach that suggests that all individuals naturally strive to grow, develop, and be in control of their lives and behaviour.

Question 23

What is Psychodynamic perspective?

Answer 23

The approach based on the view that behaviour is motivated by unconscious inner forces over which the individual has little control.