Chapter Four Flashcards
Why is sleep important?
Not fully sure. Some believed that sleep protected our ancestors from nighttime predators and allowed them to conserve energy at night. A second explanation is that sleep restores and replenishes our bodies and brains.
What is stage 1 sleep?
The state of transition between wakefulness and sleep, characterized by relatively rapid, low-amplitude brain waves.
What is stage 2 sleep?
A sleep deeper than that of stage 1, characterized by a slower, more regular wave pattern, along with momentary interruptions of “sleep spindles.”
What is stage 3 sleep?
A sleep characterized by slow brain waves, with greater peaks and valleys in the wave pattern than in stage 2 sleep.
What is stage 4 sleep?
The deepest stage of sleep, during which we are least responsive to outside stimulation.
What is REM sleep?
Sleep occupying 20% of an adult’s sleeping time, characterized by increased heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate; erections; eye movements; and the experience of dreaming.
What are the consequences of sleep deprevation?
There are no permanent consequences of sleep deprivation. Short-term, sleep deprivation leads to edginess, slower reaction times, lower performance on academic and physical tasks, and mental health.
What is unconscious wish fulfillment theory?
Sigmund Freud’s theory that dreams represent unconscious wishes that dreamers desire to see fulfilled.
What is the dreams-for-survival theory?
The theory suggesting that dreams permit information that is critical for our daily survival to be reconsidered and reprocessed during sleep.
What is the activation-synthesis theory
Hobson’s theory that the brain produces random electrical energy during REM sleep that stimulates memories stored in the brain.
What are the three main dream theories?
activation-synthesis theory, unconscious wish fulfillment theory, and dreams-for-survival theory.
What are the common sleep disorders?
Insomnia, Narcolepsy, Sleep paralysis, Night terrors, and sleep apnea.
What is Insomnia?
Unable to fall asleep easily, or go to sleep readily but wake up frequently in the night.
What are Night Terrors?
Sudden awakenings from non-REM sleep that are accompanied by extreme fear, panic, and strong physiological arousal.
What is Sleep Paralysis?
The inability to speak or perform any voluntary muscle movements during sleep.
What is Narcolepsy?
Uncontrollable sleeping that occurs for short periods while a person is awake. Go from completely awake to REM, skipping all stages.
What is Sleep Apnea?
When a person has difficulty breathing while sleeping. Results in a disturbed, fitful sleep.
What’s the difference between Nightmares and Night Terrors?
Nightmares allow individuals to recycle and dispose of old fears and bad memories.
What are the categories of psychoactive drugs?
Stimulants, Depressants, Narcotics, and Hallucinogens.
What are depressants?
Drugs that slow down the nervous system.
What are Stimulants?
Drugs that have an arousal effect on the central nervous system, causing a rise in heart rate, blood pressure, and muscular tension.
What are Hallucinogens?
A class of drug that is capable of producing hallucinations, or changes in the perceptual process.
What are Narcotics?
Drugs that increase relaxation and relieve pain and anxiety.
What are Stimulants?
Drugs that have an arousal effect on the central nervous system, causing a rise in heart rate, blood pressure, and muscular tension. Coffee is an example of this.
What are the Effects of Narcotics?
Increases relaxation, relieves pain and anxiety.
What are the effects of Stimulants?
Increased attentiveness, decreased reaction time, energy and alertness, sometimes nervousness and insomnia.
What are the effects of depressants?
Temporary feelings of intoxication, drunkenness, euphoria, joy, slurred speech, disjointed muscle control.
What are the effects of Hallucinogens
Thoughts, feelings, and perceptions of the world around them is distorted, producing hallucinations.
What are common Stimulants?
Caffeine, Amphetamines, and Cocaine
What are common Narcotics?
Heroin an Oxycodone
What are common Depressants?
Alcohol, Barbiturates, and Benzodiazepines
What are common Hallucinogens?
Cannabis, MDMA and LSD
