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BIOLOGY MCAT > Chapter one > Flashcards

Chapter one Flashcards

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1
Q

Significance of Robert Hooke

A

The first person to assemble a microscrope and test it on a cork screw. He did NOT see any cells.

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2
Q

Significance of Anton Van Leuwenheok

A

The first person to view a living cell under a microscope.

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3
Q

Significance of Rudolph Virchow

A

Demonstrated that diseased cells could arise from normal cells in normal tissues.

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4
Q

Three (+1) components of the cell theory

A
  1. All living things are composed of cells
  2. The cell is the basic functional unit of life
  3. Cells arise from preexisting cells
  4. Cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA which is passed on to daughter cells
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5
Q

Differences in cellularity and nucleus in prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells

A

PROKARYOTIC - are unicellular and do not contain a nucleus
EUKARYOTIC - are unicellular or multicellular and have a true nucleus enclosed in a membrane

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6
Q

Nucleus

A
  • control center
  • contains all genetic material for replication
  • surrounded by double-layer nuclear membrane
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7
Q

Nuclear pores

A
  • found in the nuclear membrane
  • allow selective two-way exchange of materials between cytoplasm and nucleus
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8
Q

Histones

A
  • linear DNA wound around organizing proteins
  • in the nucleus
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9
Q

Nucleolus

A
  • where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized
  • takes up 25% of volume in nucleus
  • darker spot of membrane
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10
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • powerhouse of the cell
  • controls metabolic functions (energy)
  • can kill the cell by apoptosis; releasing enzymes from electron transport chain
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11
Q

Two layers of the mitochondria

A

inner membrane
- arranged into numerous foldings called cristae which increase the surface area for electron transport
- inside is called the intermatrix

outer membrane
- barrier between cytosol and inner environment of mitochondria

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12
Q

Semiautonomous organelle

A
  • the mitochondria
  • the two layers have their own genes and replicate through binary fission, which is known as extranuclear inheritance
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13
Q

How did the mitochondria originate?

A
  • When an aerobic (oxygen) prokaryotic cell was engulfed by the anaerobic (no oxygen) prokaryotic cell
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14
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • contain hydrolytic enzymes that can break down different substrates (including compounds endocytosis and cellular waste product)
  • function in conjunction with endosomes
  • can release autolysis enzyme, resulting in apoptosis
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15
Q

Endosomes

A
  • transport, package, and sort cellular material travelling to and from the membrane
  • to trans-goli or the lysosomal pathway to break them down
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16
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • series of interconnected membranes that border with the nuclear envelope
  • double membrane, folded
  • lumen is in the center
  • rough ER and smooth ER
17
Q

Rough ER

A
  • studded with ribosomes which permit translation of proteins designed for secretion into the lumen
18
Q

Smooth ER

A
  • lacks ribosomes
  • used for lipid synthesis and detoxification of drugs or poisons
  • transports proteins from RER to golgi apparatus
19
Q

Golgi apparatus

A
  • stacked membrane-bound sacs
  • material from ER is transported here from vesicles
  • cellular products can be modified by adding carbs, phosphates or sugars
  • can introduce signal sequences which direct delivery of package to specific location
20
Q

Peroxisomes

A
  • contains hydrogen peroxide
  • breaks down long chains of fatty acids via beta-oxidation
  • participates in synthesis of phospholipids and contains some enzymes involved in the pentose phosphate pathway
21
Q

Cytoskeleton

A
  • provides structure
  • maintains shape
  • provides conduit for transport of materials around the cell
22
Q

Three components of the cytoskeleton

A
  • microfilaments
  • microtubules
  • intermediate filaments
23
Q

Microfilaments

A
  • part of cytoskeleton
  • made up of solid rods of actin which are organized into bundles that are resistant to compression and fracture (PROTECT)
  • can use ATP to generate force for movement by enacting with myosin (like muscle contraction)
  • plays a role in cytokinesis
24
Q

Microtubules

A
  • hollow polymers of tubulin proteins that radiate throughout the cell
  • provides pathway for motor proteins like kinesin and dynein
  • makes up cilia and flagella
25
Q

Cilia and flagella

A
  • cilia: projections from cell that are involved in movement of materials along the cell
  • flagella: projections of cell that move the cell along itself (like sperm)
  • 9 microtubules in outer ring, 2 microtubules in center (9 + 2 structure)
26
Q

Centrioles

A
  • founded in centrosome
  • organizing center for microtubules and structured as nine triplets of microtubules with a follow center
27
Q

Intermediate filaments

A
  • contains filamentous proteins like keratin, desmin, vimentin, and lamines
  • involved in cell-to-cell adhesion and maintenance of cytoskeleton
  • can withhold a lot of tension, increasing rigidity
28
Q

Four tissue types

A
  • unique characteristic of eukaryotic cells
  • epithelial
  • connective
  • muscle
  • nervous
29
Q

Epithelial tissue

A
  • covers the body and lines cavities, providing protection against invasion and desiccation
  • involved in absorption, secretion and sensation
  • joined by underlaying connective layer, the basement membrane
  • constitute the parenchyma, the functional parts of organs
  • often polarized, one side facing the lumen and the other side facing the outside world
30
Q

Three types of layers of connective tissue

A
  • simple epithelium = one layer
  • stratified epithelium = multiple layers
  • pseudostratified epithelium - appear to have multiple layers, but only has one
31
Q

Three types of cells (connective tissue)

A
  • cuboidal cells = cube-shaped
  • columnar cells = long and thin
  • squamous cells = flat and scale-like

BIOLOGY MCAT (3 decks)

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