Chapter One Flashcards
Anatomy
- Study of the body’s structure
- ana- = apart or up
- -tomy = process of cutting
- originally studied by dissection
- medical imaging
Physiology
- study of body’s functions
- physio= nature
- -ology= the study of
What are the levels of structural organisation?
- Chemical level (atoms and molecules)
- Cellular level (cells)
- Tissue level (tissues- made up of cells and materials that work together to perform a certain function)
- Organ level (organs- made up of two or more tissues)
- System level (organ systems)
- Organism level
Integumentary System
- hair, skin, nails, and accessory glands
- Functions:
- protect body
- regulate body temp
- synthesize vitamin D
- detect sensations
Skeletal System
Composed of the bones and their associated cartilages
• Functions:
• Supports and protects the bodyss
• Provides surface for muscle attachments
• Aids body movements
• Stores minerals
• Houses cells that produce blood cells
Muscular System
Composed the muscles
• Functions:
• Provides movement
• Produces heat
Nervous System
Composed of brain, spinal cord, nerves, special sense organs
• Functions:
• Detects and responds to changes in the body’s internal and external
environment.
• Regulates the body’s activities with nerve impulses.
Endocrine System
Composed of hormone-producing cells and glands
• Functions:
• Regulates body activities by releasing hormones.
Cardiovascular system
Composed of heart, blood vessels, and blood
• Functions:
• Transport blood (nutrients and gasses) to and from cells.
• Helps regulate body temperature
• Certain components of blood defend against disease
Lymphatic System
Composed of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen
• Functions:
• Remove excess fluid from tissues
• Helps maintain immunity
Respiratory System
• Removes carbon dioxide from blood
Composed of lungs and airways
• Functions:
• Transports oxygen from air into blood
• Helps regulate the acid-base balance
• Removes carbon dioxide from blood
Digestive System
Composed of esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory
organs.
• Functions:
• Breaks down food
• Absorbs nutrients
• Eliminates solid wastes
Urinary System
Composed of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
• Functions:
• Filters blood
• Helps maintain the mineral and electrolyte balance
• Produces urine
Reproductive System
Composed of the male and female reproductive organs
• Functions:
• Secrete hormones
• Gonads produce gametes (eggs and sperm)
6 “Basic Life” processes
- Metabolism
- Responsiveness
- Movement
- Growth
- Differentiation
- Reproduction
Metabolism
• The sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body.
• Catabolism – the breakdown of complex substances into smaller
components
• Anabolism – the building up of complex substances from smaller
components
Responsiveness
The body’s ability to detect and respond to (internal or external)
changes.
• Different cells respond to changes in characteristic ways
• Examples: Nerve cells, muscle cells, etc.
Movement
• Any motion of the body – from the whole body, to individual organs, to single cells.
• Examples: Muscles, stomach, white blood cells, secretory vesicles inside
cells.
Growth
- An increase in body size due to the increase in size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both.
- Tissues can increase in size due to the amount of material between cells.
- Example: bone tissue
Differentiation
• The development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized cell.
• Precursor cells divide and give rise to cells that can undergo differentiation –
stem cells.
• Examples: Blood cells, fertilized egg (zygote)
Reproduction
- The formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement.
- The production of a new individual through fertilization.
• Fertilization →zygote →repeated cell division →cell differentiation
What happens when any one of these life processes
stops working properly?
- Cell disorder or destruction
- Tissue disorder or destruction
- Death of organs
- Death of organism
Homeostasis
• Homeostasis = maintenance of relatively stable conditions
in the body’s internal environment.
• Maintained by regulatory processes
• A dynamic condition that is constantly being disturbed.
• The body has built-in mechanisms that are activated
whenever conditions change.
Receptors
monitors changes in a controlled condition and relays
information to control center
• Example: Cells in the pancreas detect increased amounts of glucose in the blood.
