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A + P > Chapter One > Flashcards

Chapter One Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A
  • Study of the body’s structure
  • ana- = apart or up
  • -tomy = process of cutting
  • originally studied by dissection
  • medical imaging
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2
Q

Physiology

A
  • study of body’s functions
  • physio= nature
  • -ology= the study of
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3
Q

What are the levels of structural organisation?

A
  1. Chemical level (atoms and molecules)
  2. Cellular level (cells)
  3. Tissue level (tissues- made up of cells and materials that work together to perform a certain function)
  4. Organ level (organs- made up of two or more tissues)
  5. System level (organ systems)
  6. Organism level
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4
Q

Integumentary System

A
  • hair, skin, nails, and accessory glands
  • Functions:
  1. protect body
  2. regulate body temp
  3. synthesize vitamin D
  4. detect sensations
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5
Q

Skeletal System

A

Composed of the bones and their associated cartilages
• Functions:
• Supports and protects the bodyss
• Provides surface for muscle attachments
• Aids body movements
• Stores minerals
• Houses cells that produce blood cells

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6
Q

Muscular System

A

Composed the muscles
• Functions:
• Provides movement
• Produces heat

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7
Q

Nervous System

A

Composed of brain, spinal cord, nerves, special sense organs
• Functions:
• Detects and responds to changes in the body’s internal and external
environment.
• Regulates the body’s activities with nerve impulses.

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8
Q

Endocrine System

A

Composed of hormone-producing cells and glands
• Functions:
• Regulates body activities by releasing hormones.

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9
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Composed of heart, blood vessels, and blood
• Functions:
• Transport blood (nutrients and gasses) to and from cells.
• Helps regulate body temperature
• Certain components of blood defend against disease

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10
Q

Lymphatic System

A

Composed of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen
• Functions:
• Remove excess fluid from tissues
• Helps maintain immunity

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11
Q

Respiratory System

A

• Removes carbon dioxide from blood
Composed of lungs and airways
• Functions:
• Transports oxygen from air into blood
• Helps regulate the acid-base balance
• Removes carbon dioxide from blood

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12
Q

Digestive System

A

Composed of esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory
organs.
• Functions:
• Breaks down food
• Absorbs nutrients
• Eliminates solid wastes

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13
Q

Urinary System

A

Composed of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
• Functions:
• Filters blood
• Helps maintain the mineral and electrolyte balance
• Produces urine

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14
Q

Reproductive System

A

Composed of the male and female reproductive organs
• Functions:
• Secrete hormones
• Gonads produce gametes (eggs and sperm)

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15
Q

6 “Basic Life” processes

A
  • Metabolism
  • Responsiveness
  • Movement
  • Growth
  • Differentiation
  • Reproduction
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16
Q

Metabolism

A

• The sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body.
• Catabolism – the breakdown of complex substances into smaller
components
• Anabolism – the building up of complex substances from smaller
components

17
Q

Responsiveness

A

The body’s ability to detect and respond to (internal or external)
changes.
• Different cells respond to changes in characteristic ways
• Examples: Nerve cells, muscle cells, etc.

18
Q

Movement

A

• Any motion of the body – from the whole body, to individual organs, to single cells.
• Examples: Muscles, stomach, white blood cells, secretory vesicles inside
cells.

19
Q

Growth

A
  • An increase in body size due to the increase in size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both.
  • Tissues can increase in size due to the amount of material between cells.
  • Example: bone tissue
20
Q

Differentiation

A

• The development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized cell.
• Precursor cells divide and give rise to cells that can undergo differentiation –
stem cells.
• Examples: Blood cells, fertilized egg (zygote)

21
Q

Reproduction

A
  1. The formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement.
  2. The production of a new individual through fertilization.
    • Fertilization →zygote →repeated cell division →cell differentiation
22
Q

What happens when any one of these life processes
stops working properly?

A
  • Cell disorder or destruction
  • Tissue disorder or destruction
  • Death of organs
  • Death of organism
23
Q

Homeostasis

A

• Homeostasis = maintenance of relatively stable conditions
in the body’s internal environment.
• Maintained by regulatory processes
• A dynamic condition that is constantly being disturbed.
• The body has built-in mechanisms that are activated
whenever conditions change.

24
Q

Receptors

A

monitors changes in a controlled condition and relays
information to control center
• Example: Cells in the pancreas detect increased amounts of glucose in the blood.

25
Q

Control Center

A

maintains the “set point” of a controlled condition
and relays information to effectors.
• Example: The pancreatic cells receive the signal and message insulin producing cells (beta cells).

26
Q

Effector

A

receives information from control and makes changes
• Beta cells release the hormone insulin into the blood
• Insulin allows glucose to enter the body’s cells.

27
Q

Negative Feedback

A

Reverses a change in a controlled condition
• Back to the set point
• Example = blood pressure

28
Q

Positive Feedback

A

Strengthens or reinforces a change in a controlled condition.
• Away from the set point
• Example = Childbirth

29
Q

Cranial Cavity

A

• Formed by cranial bones and contains the brain

30
Q

Vertebral Canal

A

Formed by vertebral column and contains the spinal cord

31
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A
  • Contains pleural and pericardial cavities
  • Mediastinum
32
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity

A

• Contains the abdominal and pelvic cavities

33
Q

Serous Membrane

A

A double layered, slippery membrane that is associated with cavities that do not open directly to the exterior.
• Thoracic and Abdominal

34
Q

visceral layer of serous membrane

A

directly cover the organs

35
Q

Parietal layer

A

lines the walls of the cavity

36
Q

Pleura

A

covers the lungs

37
Q

Pericardium

A

Covers the heart

38
Q

peritoneum

A

covers most of the organs and structures in the abdomen

39
Q

retroperitoneal

A

Behind the peritoneum

Includes: Suprarenal (adrenal) glands
• Aorta/Inferior Vena Cava
• Duodenum (1st part of the small intestine)
• Pancreas
• Ureters
• Colon (ascending and descending parts of the large intestine)
• Kidneys
• Esophagus
• Rectum

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