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Intro to Archaeology > Chapter One > Flashcards

Chapter One Flashcards

1
Q

Archaeology

A

study of past human cultures and the material remains left behind

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2
Q

Artifacts

A

portable material remains made and left by humans; symbols or reflections of their culture

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3
Q

Culture

A

culmination of the invented, taught, and learned patterns of behavior shared by humans

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4
Q

What do prehistoric, historic, and classical archaeologists study? (3)

A
  • prehistoric: past before the written record
  • historic: past of the written record
  • classical: Greco-Roman history
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5
Q

Anthropology

A

the holistic, integrative study of humankind; biological, cultural, linguistic and both past and present

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6
Q

What are the four sub-disciplines of anthropology?

A
  • archaeology
  • biological anthropology: study of human evolution and variation, and primatology
  • cultural anthropology: study of contemporary and historically recent human societies
  • anthropological linguistics: study of human language in its cultural context
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7
Q

BC

A

“Before Christ”

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8
Q

AD

A

“anno Domini,” basically “after Christ”

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9
Q

CE

A

“Common Era,” to avoid religious connotations

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10
Q

BCE

A

“Before Common Era”

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11
Q

BP

A

“before present;” more commonly used by prehistoric archaeologists; AD 1950 is the conventional zero point

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12
Q

Special Creation

A

all organisms created by Judeo/Christian god

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13
Q

Immutability & Fixity of Species

A

no changes to Earth or its species since special creation

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14
Q

Catastrophism

A

catastrophes rapidly shaped Earth’s surface

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15
Q

Young Age of Earth

A

1650 CE Irish archbishop James Ussher calculated creation date of 4004 BC

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16
Q

John Frere (2)

A
  • Hoxne site, England, 1797

- first person to recognize ancient tools as being man-made

17
Q

Jacques Boucher de Perthes (3)

A
  • Abbeville site, France, 1830
  • stone tools in same stratigraphic layer with extinct fauna hippo at Hoxne
  • bison, woolly mammoth, woolly rhinoceros, and cave bear at Abbeville
18
Q

Charles Lyell (5)

A
  • Principles of Uniformitarianism; Principles of Geology, 1830
  • geological processes shaped Earth’s crust very slowly and gradually
  • Earth is at least millions of years old and present is key to the past
  • The Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man, 1863
  • humans lived with now-extinct fauna (animals) millions of years ago
19
Q

Charles Darwin (6)

A
  • The Origin of Species, 1859
  • natural selection as a mechanism for biological change over geological time
  • all species can produce offspring faster than the food supply
  • variation exists in all living organisms
  • fierce struggle for existence and favorable variants in a given environment have the upper hand and passed to next generation
  • over deep time, successful variants produce great differences, resulting in new species
20
Q

Giovanni Belzoni (2)

A
  • 1812-1819

- an antiquarian, not an archaeologist

21
Q

Christian Thomsen (2)

A
  • curator, National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen

- 1836 developed 3-age system of ordering artifacts (Stone, Bronze, Iron)

22
Q

Jens J. A. Worsaae (5)

A
  • 1834 became first professor of archaeology at University of Copenhagen
  • concerned with inquiry (research questions)
  • linked artifacts with stratigraphic context
  • demonstrated presence of middens
  • recorded potsherds with charcoal, bones, and stone tools
23
Q

Alfred V. Kidder (5)

A
  • “Father” of North American archaeology
  • 1915 began excavations at Pecos Pueblo, NM
  • first major excavation in North America
  • goal: diachronic study of culture change
  • pottery sherds in stratigraphic context
24
Q

Gertrude Caton-Thompson (6)

A
  • early female professional archaeologist - 1920s
  • Egypt, Malta, and Zimbabwe
  • first to push investigation of human settlements in Egypt and go beyond study of classical Egyptology (pyramids and tombs)
  • early to conduct interdisciplinary research
  • meticulous excavation and survey techniques
  • demonstrated definitive indigenous African origins of Great Zimbabwe
25
Q

H. Marie Wormington (6)

A
  • began career in 1930s
  • first female Paleoindian archaeologist
  • 1968: first female president of the Society for American Archaeology
  • Ancient Man in North America, “H. M. Wormington,” 1939
  • 4 editions over 20 years, demonstrating change from cataloguing archaeological materials to explaining what they mean
  • change from “thinking about things” to “thinking from things”
26
Q

Lewis Binford (5)

A
  • 1931-2011
  • Father of “New Archaeology”
  • precise scientific methods; hypothetico-deductive methodology
  • regional analyses, research design with proposed models, testing models using statistical methods
  • interested in explaining cultural processes - “Processual Archaeology”
27
Q

What is the purpose of archaeology today?

A

creating new knowledge, disseminating that knowledge to public, protecting cultural resources

28
Q

What are the different branches of archaeology? (3)

A
  • universities and museums (research, dissemination, protection)
  • government agencies (protection thru compliance with laws, dissemination, research)
  • private cultural resource management (CRM) firms (protection of resources thru compliance with laws)
29
Q

Archaeology today is more…

A

diverse

Intro to Archaeology (10 decks)

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