Chapter nine Flashcards
Ascribed, achieved, and master status
Ascribed status – given involuntarily at birth
Achieved status – status that is gained as a result of one’s efforts or choices
Master status – status by which one is most identified
Role performance
Carrying out the behaviours associated with a given role, differ depending on the context
Role partner
The person with whom one is interacting with
Role set
The various roles associated with a status (e.g., doctor, nurse, resident)
Role conflict, role strain, and role exit
Role conflict – difficulty in satisfying the requirements of multiple roles
Role strain – difficulty ins satisfying the multiple requirements of the same role
Role exit – dropping one’s identity for another
Reference group
Groups that individuals use as the standard for evaluating themselves
Primary v. secondary groups
Primary groups – interactions between members are direct, with close bonds providing warm, personal and intimate relationships, often lasting long
Secondary group – impersonal interactions and business-like, usually have a specific purpose and last for a short period of time
Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft (community and society)
Community refers to groups unified in feelings of togetherness due to shared beliefs, ancestry, or geography, such as families or neighbours
Society refers to less personal groups that are formed out of mutual self-interests towards the same goal, such as countries
Interaction process analysis
Technique for observing, classifying and measuring the interactions between small groups
Multiple level observation of groups (SYMLOG)
Based on the belief that there are three fundamental dimensions of interaction
Dominance v. submission
Friendliness v. unfriendliness
Instrumentally controlled v. emotionally expressive
Network redundancy
Overlapping connections with the same individual
Immediate v. distant networks
Immediate networks – dense with strong ties, such as friends
Distant networks – looser and weaker ties, such as acquantainces
Combination of immediate + distant networks = most benefit
Organizations
Complex secondary groups that are set up to achieve specific goals, have structure and a culture
Formal organizations
Explicit goals and enforcement procedures that seek to control the activities of their members, hierarchical roles
Bureaucracy
A rational system of political organization, administration, discipline and control
Includes non-elected officials on a fixed salary, officials who are provided rights and privileges, regular salary increases and promotions upon passing milestones, enter the field by holding a degree or training, procedures defined by the organization, and responsibility for meeting demands
Slow to change, less efficient
Iron law of oligarchy
Democratic or bureaucratic systems naturally shift to being ruled by an elite group
Need a core body
McDonaldization
Shift in focus towards efficiency, predictability and control in societal practice
Self presentation
Process of displaying ourselves to society both visually and through our actions, making people see us in the best possible light
Basic model of emotional expression (Darwin)
Emotional expression involves facial expressions, behaviour, posture, vocal changes, and physiological changes
Primates and animals exhibit similar changes to humans
Appraisal model of emotional expression
Emotion –> cognitive antecendent –> biologically predetermined emotional expression
Social construction model of emotional expression
NO biological basis
Rather, emotions are based on experiences and the situational context alone
Certain emotions can only exist within certain encounters, different among cultures
Cultural syndrome
A shared set of beliefs, attitudes, norms, values, and behaviours among members of the same culture that are organized around a central theme. E.g., happiness is experienced differently in US and Japan
Impression management
Attempts to influence how other people perceive us. Regulating or controlling information we present about ourselves in social interaction
Three selves of impression management
Authentic self – who we actually are
Ideal self – who we would like to be
Tactical self – who we market ourselves to be when we adhere to other’s expectations
Impression management through the dramaturgical approach (Goffman)
Metaphor using a play (DRAMA)
We manage the impression of others like an actor’s performance
The front stage self is the person they show others, depending on the situation
Back stage self is the person they really are
Impression management though Me and I (Mead)
The part of the self that is developed through interaction is Me. This comes from considering the generalized other, which is based on a person’s established perceptions of the expectations of society
I is the individual’s own impulses. The Me shapes the I
Intraspecific, interspecific, and autocommunication communication in animals
Intraspecific – communication between same species
Interspecific — communication between different species
Autocommunication – communication with oneself (e.g., echolocation in bats)
