Chapter III Prokaryotic Cells

Question 1

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

Bacteria, cyanobacteria, archaea

Answer 1

Prokaryotes

Question 2

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

Protozoans, algae, fungi, plants, & animals

Answer 2

Eukaryotes

Question 3

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

Generally 1-10μm in linear dimension

Answer 3

Prokaryotes

Question 4

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

Generally 5-100μm in linear dimension

Answer 4

Eukaryotes

Question 5

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

Anaerobic or aerobic

Answer 5

Prokaryotes

Question 6

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

Aerobic

Answer 6

Eukaryotes

Question 7

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

Few or none; no nucleus

Answer 7

Prokaryotes

Question 8

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

Nucleus, mitochondrion, chloroplast, ER, Golgi
complex, etc. present

Answer 8

Eukaryotes

Question 9

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

Circular DNA in cytoplasm

Answer 9

Prokaryotes

Question 10

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

Linear DNA with noncoding regions in nucleus

Answer 10

Eukaryotes

Question 11

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

RNA and protein synthesized in the same
compartment

Answer 11

Prokaryotes

Question 12

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

RNA in nucleus; protein in cytoplasm

Answer 12

Eukaryotes

Question 13

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

No cytoskeleton

Answer 13

Prokaryotes

Question 14

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

With cytoskeleton

Answer 14

Eukaryotes

Question 15

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

Chromosomes pulled apart by membrane
attachments

Answer 15

Prokaryotes

Question 16

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

Uses cytoskeletal spindle apparatus

Answer 16

Eukaryotes

Question 17

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

Mainly unicellular

Answer 17

Prokaryotes

Question 18

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

Mainly multicellular ,with differentiation in cell types

Answer 18

Eukaryotes

Question 19

• similar in structure and function to the eukaryotic cell membrane
• consists of membrane proteins and phospholipids
• a flexible, semi-permeable membrane

Answer 19

Prokaryotic Cells

Cell Membrane

Question 20

• About 80% water proteins 
(enzymes), carbohydrates, lipids, 
inorganic ions
• Major structures:
– Ribosomes
– Nucleoid - contains a single 
long, continuous, and 
frequently circularly arranged 
thread of double-stranded DNA 
called the bacterial 
chromosome

Answer 20

Prokaryotic Cells

Cytoplasm

Question 21

• With the exception of mycoplasmas, all bacteria have a
semirigid cell wall
– component: peptidoglycan, a large polymer composed of Nacetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid
– Gram-positive bacteria have more peptidoglycan account
for their ability to retain the stain in the Gram stain procedure
– Gram-negative bacteria have more lipids in their cell wall

Answer 21

Prokaryotic Cells

Cell Wall

Question 22

Have more peptidoglycan account

for their ability to retain the stain in the Gram stain procedure

Answer 22

Gram-positive bacteria

Question 23

Have more lipids in their cell wall

Answer 23

Gram-negative bacteria

Question 24

_____ stains both Gram-positive
and Gram-negative cells purple

– Iodine as mordant forms large complexes
that cannot escape the cell wall easily

Answer 24

Crystal violet

Question 25

_____ dehydrates the peptidoglycan
of Gram-positive bacteria, but dissolves
the outer membrane of the Gram - negative so they become colorless

Answer 25

Alcohol

Question 26

___ colors the Gram-negative cells

red or pink

Answer 26

Safranin

Question 27

• slimy, gelatinous material
produced by cell membrane and
secreted outside the cell wall

• serves as a reservoir for nutrients
and protects the organism from
changes in the environment

• when the glycocalyx is a tightly 
bound structure, it is known as a 
capsule and slime layer when 
it is a poorly bound structure that 
flows easily

Answer 27

Glycocalyx

Question 28

• thread-like, protein appendages 
used for locomotion
• made up of the protein flagellin.
• its shape is a 20 nanometer-thick 
hollow tube
• it is helical and has a sharp bend 
just outside the outer membrane; 
this "hook" allows the helix to 
point directly away from the cell.

Answer 28

Flagellum

Question 29

• can occur at the poles of 
bacterial cells and they can be 
evenly distributed over the 
entire surface of the cell
• enables the cells to adhere to 
surfaces, including those of the 
other cells; helps the cell to 
colonize mucus membranes

Answer 29

Fimbriae

Question 30

• Hair-like structures most often 
observed on Gram-negative 
bacteria
• Composed of polymerized 
protein called pilin
• They arise from the cytoplasm 
and extends to cell membrane, 
cell wall, and capsule (if 
present)
• Two types: adhering pili and sex 
pilus

Answer 30

Pili (sing., pili)

Question 31

• Specialized “resting cells” 
formed by some Gram-positive 
bacteria such as Clostridium 
and Bacillus
• Formed when nutrients are 
depleted

Answer 31

Endospores

Question 32

• process results in the 
reproduction of a living 
prokaryotic cell by division into 
two parts which each have the 
potential to grow to the size of 
the original cell

Answer 32

Binary fission

Question 33

• formation of a new organism by
the protrusion of part of another
organism

Answer 33

Budding