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Microbiology and Parasitology 01 > Chapter II Classification and Nomenclature > Flashcards

Chapter II Classification and Nomenclature Flashcards

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1
Q

6 Major types of Microorganisms

A 
-bacteria, 
– archaea, 
– fungi, 
– protozoa, 
– algae, and 
– viruses.
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2
Q 
• unicellular
• they lack a nucleus. 
• they exist in four major shapes: 
– bacillus (rod shape), 
– coccus (spherical shape), 
– spirilla (spiral shape), and 
– vibrio (curved shape)
• have a peptidoglycan cell wall
• they divide by binary fission; 
• and they may possess flagella for motility.
A

Bacteria

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3
Q

(rod shape)

A

bacillus

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4
Q

(spherical shape)

A

coccus

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5
Q

(spiral shape),

A

spirilla

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6
Q

(curved shape)

A

vibrio

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7
Q

2 cell wall structure of bacteria

A
  • Gram-positive

* Gram-negative

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8
Q

(living in the presence of oxygen)

A

aerobic

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9
Q

(living without oxygen)

A

anaerobic

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10
Q

(can live in both

environments)

A

facultative anaerobes

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11
Q

2 types of bacteria on how they obtain energy

A
  • Autotrophs

* Heterotrophs

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12
Q
  • cell wall structure lack peptidoglycans

* with avidity to extreme environmental conditions.

A

Archaea

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13
Q

4 types of Archaeans based on their habitat

A
  • methanogens
  • halophiles
  • thermophiles
  • psychrophiles
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14
Q

(methane-producing organisms)

A

methanogens

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15
Q

(archaeans that live in salty environments)

A

halophiles

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16
Q

(archaeans that live at extremely hot temperatures)

A

thermophiles

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17
Q

(cold-temperature Archaeans)

A

psychrophiles

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18
Q

• eukaryotic cells (with a true nucleus)
• most are multicellular
• their cell wall is composed of chitin
• they obtain nutrients by absorbing organic
material from their environment
(decomposers), through symbiotic relationships
with plants (symbionts), or harmful
relationships with a host (parasites).

•they form characteristic filamentous tubes
called hyphae that help absorb material. The
collection of hyphae is called mycelium

• they reproduce by releasing spores

A

Fungi

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19
Q

Filamentous tubes that help absorb material.

A

hyphae

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20
Q

The collection of hyphae is called ______

A

mycelium

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21
Q

• unicellular aerobic eukaryotes

• they have a nucleus, complex organelles, and
obtain nourishment by absorption or ingestion
through specialized structures

• they make up the largest group of organisms
in the world in terms of numbers, biomass,
and diversity

• their cell walls are made up of cellulose.

A

Protozoa

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22
Q

5 Classifications of Protozoa

A

Protozoa, Flagellates, Ciliates, Amoeboids, Sporozoans

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23
Q

Have been traditionally divided

based on their mode of locomotion

A

Protozoa

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24
Q

Produce their own food and use

their whip-like structure to propel forward

A

Flagellates

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25
Q

Have tiny hair that beat to produce

movement

A

Ciliates

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26
Q

Have false feet or pseudopodia

used for feeding and locomotion

A

Amoeboids

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27
Q

______ are non-motile. They also have
different means of nutrition, which groups
them as autotrophs or heterotrophs.

A

Sporozoans

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28
Q

• also called cyanobacteria or blue
-green
algae,

• are unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes
that obtain nourishment by photosynthesis.

•they live in water, damp soil, and rocks and
produce oxygen and carbohydrates used by
other organisms.

•it is believed that cyanobacteria are the
origins of green land plants

A

Algae

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29
Q

• are noncellular entities that consist of a
nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA)
surrounded by a protein coat

• they are not considered living organisms

• they cannot reproduce outside a host cell
and cannot metabolize on their own.

• viruses often infest prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells causing diseases.

A

Viruses

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30
Q 
A group of eukaryotic organisms 
consisting of the flatworms and 
roundworms, which are 
collectively referred to as the 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A

Helminths.

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31
Q

____ is the science of naming,
describing and classifying organisms
and includes all plants, animals and
microorganisms of the world.

A

Taxonomy

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32
Q

Considered the Father of Taxonomy developed taxonomic
system for naming plants and animals
and grouping similar organisms together.

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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33
Q

Plural of taxon

A

taxa

34
Q

Several taxa of lower rank

A 
– Kingdom (not used by most bacteriologists)
– Phylum 
– Class
– Order
– Family
– Genus (plural: Genera)
– Species (both singular & plural)
35
Q 
Based on:
• Morphology 
• Metabolism (Biochemical 
Activity)
• Molecular Techniques
• Fatty Acid Profiles
• Protein Differentiation
• DNA Finger Printing
A

Whittaker Classification

36
Q 
Based on:
• differences in the 16S 
ribosomal RNA 
(rRNA) structure
• cell’s membrane lipid 
structure and its 
sensitivity to 
antibiotics.
A

Woese Classification

37
Q

The first part is the _____ to which the species belongs and the second part is
the ______name.

A
  • Genus

- species name.

38
Q

The binomial naming system was first uniformly used by _____.

A

Carl Linnaeus

39
Q

Generic part is ______, species is _____.

A
  • Generic

- species

40
Q

Archaea is divided

into two phyla:

A

– Phylum Crenarchaeota

– Phylum Euryarchaeota

41
Q

Originally containing thermophylic and hyperthermophilic

sulfur-metabolizing archaea

A

Phylum Crenarchaeota

42
Q

Contains primarily methanogenic archaea, halophilic

archaea, and thermophilic, sulfur-reducing archaea

A

Phylum Euryarchaeota

43
Q

• very diverse, with all four modes

of nutrition represented
• grouped because of shared rRNA
sequence

• also has endosymbionts such as
nitrogen fixers

• of medical importance are the
chemoheterotrophs

A

Phylum Proteobacteria

44
Q

• grow only in eukaryotic host cells
• small phylum containing the genus
Chlamydi

A

Phylum Chlamidiae

45
Q

• spiral bacteria

• characterized by flexible, helical cells 
with a modified outer membrane (the 
outer sheath) and modified flagella 
(axial filaments) located within the 
outer sheath

• important pathogenic genera include
Treponema, Borrelia, and Leptospira

A

Phylum Spirochaetes

46
Q

• includes opportunistic pathogens

• includes genera Bacteroides,
Flavobacterium, Flexibacter, and
Cytophyga

A

Phylum Bacteroidetes

47
Q

• oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria

• provide an enormous amount of
food for organisms in freshwater
and marine ecosystems

A

Phylum Cyanobacteria

48
Q

• low G+C content;

– Bacilli include Lactobacillus,
Streptococcus, Staphylococcus,
Listeria, and Bacillus

– Clostridia includes Clostridium

A

Phylum Firmicutes

49
Q

• genetically, high G+C content

– Includes genera Actinomyces,
Streptomyces, Corynebacterium,
Micrococcus, Mycobacterium,
Propionibacterium

A

Phylum Actinobacteria

50
Q

Cocci in pairs are called

____.

A

diplococci

51
Q

Cocci in chains are called

_____.

A

streptococci

52
Q

Cocci in irregular groups

are called ______.

A

Staphylococci

53
Q

Bacilli may be arranged in:

A

-chains
-branching chains
-mass together
-remain attached at various angles
resembling Chinese letters

54
Q

Rods that are slightly curved

A

• Vibrios

55
Q

Polar flagella

A

• Spirilla

56
Q

Axial filaments

A

•Spirochaetes

57
Q

The term ______ is used for eukaryotes that are not plants,

animal and fungi

A

Protist

58
Q

-normally two flagella when present,
with hairlike projections on one of them

  1. Phylum Oomycota (water molds)
  2. Phylum Bacillariophyta
    (diatoms)
  3. Phylum Chrysophyta (golden algae)
  4. Phylum Phaeophyta (brown algae)
A

Kingdom Stramenophila

59
Q

Characteristics:
sac-like alveoli that form a continuous
layer just under the plasma membrane

  1. Phylum Dinoflagellata
    (dinoflagellates)
  2. Phylum Apicomplexa
    (sporozoans)
  3. Phylum Ciliophora (ciliates)
A

Kingdom Alveolata

60
Q

Characteristics:
produce elaborate shell-like coverings
of cells; use very slender pseudopodia
to move

  1. Phylum Foraminifera (forams)
  2. Phylum Radiolaria
    (radiolarians)
A

Kingdom Rhizaria

61
Q

Characteristics:
possess “excavating” feeding grooves;
flagellated

  1. Phylum Diplomonadida
    (Giardia lamblia)
  2. Phylum Parabasalia
    (Trichomonas vaginalis)
A

Kingdom Excavata

62
Q

Characteristics:
Move using relatively large lobeshaped pseudopodia

  1. Phylum Gymnamoeba
    (free-living amoebas)
  2. Phylum Entamoeba
    (parasitic amoebas)
  3. Phylum Acrasiomycota
    (cellular slime molds)
  4. Phylum Myxomycota
    (plasmodial slime molds)
A

Kingdom Amoebozoa

63
Q 
Characteristics:
flagellate cells, such as the sperm of 
most animals and the spores of 
the chytrid fungi, propel themselves 
with a single posterior flagellum.
A

Opisthokonta

64
Q 
The \_\_\_\_\_ are a broad 
group of eukaryotes, including 
the animal and fungus kingdoms.
The \_\_\_\_\_\_, are generally 
recognized as a clade.
A

opisthokonts

65
Q

• Decomposers

• Heterotrophic; absorb nutrients. Most
have chitin in cell walls

– The feeding structures of a fungus
are threadlike filaments called
hyphae

– Hyphae branch repeatedly as they
grow, forming a mass known as a
mycelium

– Lichen is a symbiosis between
fungi and green algae

– Mycorrhiza is a symbiosis
between fungi and plant roots.

A

Fungi

66
Q

The feeding structures of a fungus

are threadlike filaments called

A

hyphae

67
Q

Hyphae branch repeatedly as they
grow, forming a mass known as a
___.

A

mycelium

68
Q

___ is a symbiosis between

fungi and green algae

A

Lichen

69
Q

______ is a symbiosis

between fungi and plant roots

A

Mycorrhiza

70
Q

• with flagellated spores; includes

parasites of other animals

A

Phylum Chytridiomycota

Chytrids

71
Q

• have protective zygosporangia,
where zygotes produce haploid
spores by meiosis. Includes bread
molds

• may include microsporidia,
obligate intracellular parasites

A

Phylum Zygomycota

72
Q

• form mycorrhizae

A

Phlyum Glomeromycota

73
Q

• have asci or sac (sac fungi)

• can be unicellular or
multicellular.

• includes some of the most
devastating plant pathogens,
or in lichen (e.g. morels, cup
fungi, yeasts)

A

Phylum Ascomycota

74
Q

• club fungi with spore-producing
basidia

• excellent decomposers

• includes mushrooms and shelf
fungi

A

Phylum Basidiomycota

75
Q

– prokaryotic, with peptidoglycan in cell wall, no nucleus; some
disease-causing species

A

Bacteria

76
Q
  • Proteobacteria – includes coliform (e.g. E. coli), pseudomonads, and vibrios
  • Chlamidiae – Chlamydia
  • Spirochaetes – includes Treponema, Borrelia, and Leptospira
  • Bacteroidetes – includes Bacteroidetes
A

– Gram – negative

77
Q

• Firmicutes – clostridia, mollicutes, bacilli (Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus,
etc.)

• Actinobacteria – includes Streptomyces and Mycobacterium

A

– Gram – positive:

78
Q

with nuclei

A

Eukaryotes

79
Q

– includes dinoflagellates, ciliates (B. coli), and

apicomplexans (e.g. Plasmodium)

A

Alveolata

80
Q

– includes flagellated protozoans; e.g. Giardia and

Trichomonas

A

Excavata

81
Q

– ascomycetes (e.g. Pneumocystis and Candida),

mushrooms, zygomycetes (e.g. microsporidia)

A

Fungi

82
Q

– tapeworms (e.g. Taenia), flukes (e.g.
Schistosoma), nematodes (e.g. Ascaris), arthropods (e.g.
mosquitoes, fleas, mites_

A

Animals

Microbiology and Parasitology 01 (3 decks)

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