Chapter I; verbs 1 - 10; p. 1, 9 - 10; Flashcards
frame [smth.; to be framed]
When a picture or photograph is framed, it is put in a frame.
The picture is now ready to be mounted and framed. [be VERB-ed]
On the wall is a large framed photograph. [VERB-ed]
justify [smth.]
To justify a decision, action, or idea means to show or prove that it is reasonable or necessary.
No argument can justify a war. [VERB noun]
Ministers agreed that this decision was fully justified by economic conditions. [VERB noun]
exist [in, under smth.]
If something exists, it is present in the world as a real thing.
He thought that if he couldn’t see something, it didn’t exist. [VERB]
Research opportunities exist in a wide range of pure and applied areas of entomology. [VERB]
speak [of smth.; of smth. as smith.]
speak, spoke, spoken
People sometimes mention something that has been written by saying what the author speaks of.
Throughout the book he speaks of the challenges his family has faced. [VERB + of]
The poet speaks of’the state as a ship, the civil wars as waves and storms. [VERB + as]
interrupt [smth.]
If someone or something interrupts a process or activity, they stop it for a period of time.
He has rightly interrupted his holiday in Spain to return to London. [VERB noun]
The match took nearly three hours and was interrupted at times by rain. [VERB noun]
possess [smth.]
If someone or something possesses a particular quality, ability, or feature, they have it.
[formal]
…individuals who are deemed to possess the qualities of sense, loyalty and discretion. [VERB noun]
This figure has long been held to possess miraculous power. [VERB noun]
arise
arise, arose, arosen
If something such as a new species, organization, or system arises, it begins to exist and develop.
Heavy Metal music really arose in the late 60s. [VERB]
shape [smth.]
Someone or something that shapes a situation or an activity has a very great influence on the way it develops.
Their views provide an insight into how environmental issues are shaping the future of business. [VERB noun]
Like it or not, our families shape our lives and make us what we are. [VERB noun]
substitute [smth.; for smth.; smth. for smth.]
If you substitute one thing for another, or if one thing substitutes for another, it takes the place or performs the function of the other thing.
They were substituting violence for dialogue. [VERB noun + for]
You could always substitute a low-fat soft cheese. [VERB noun]
Would phone conversations substitute for cosy chats over lunch or in the pub after work? [VERB + for]
He was substituting for the injured William Wales. [VERB + for]
illustrate [smth.; smth. with smth.]
If you use an example, story, or diagram to illustrate a point, you use it to show that what you are saying is true or to make your meaning clearer.
Let me give another example to illustrate this difficult point. [VERB noun]
Throughout, she illustrates her analysis with excerpts from discussions. [VERB noun + with]
