Chapter five: Evaluating Information Flashcards
The subjects in a study are called the _____
sample
The sample should be representative of the ___________.
population
In many cases, sample size depends on the _________ under
investigation and in some cases the _________.
- organism
- discipline
Having the correct characteristics of the population are being investigated by this particular study are called the ___________ __________.
population parameters
Since researchers can’t measure every individual in the population, they collect numbers or observations from a sample: these raw data are summarized and are called __________ ___________.
sample statistics
__________ ____________ are things that interact with the variables
of interest and may cause the researcher to analyze the results incorrectly.
confounding variables
What two problems might come up when there are confounding variables in a study?
Confounding variables might mask true relationships or they might cause the researchers to falsely reject the null hypothesis.
TRUE or FALSE: It is possible to eliminate all of the confounding variables in a study
FALSE: In many fields, it is impossible to completely eliminate all confounding variables, especially outside of a controlled laboratory experiment, but one way to minimize their effect is to use a well-planned experimental design.
___________ ____________ might be apparent if the researcher selects participants for the
study.
selection bias
when individuals volunteer to participate in a study, there
might be ______________ ___________.
participation bias
___________ _____________ is when every individual has an equal chance of being represented. A random number table or a computer is used to generate random samples
Random Sampling
____________ ______________ is when the sample is readily accessible to the researchers.
convenience sampling
__________ ________ is a simple sampling protocol based on a particular pattern of selection. For example, each 6 th person that walks down a hall might be selected for an interview.
Systematic sampling
__________ _______ identifies subgroups of the population and then identifies samples (usually using random sampling, as described above) from these subgroups.
Stratified sampling
When individuals interpret information in a manner that supports their hypotheses or preconceptions or rejects information that fails to support their point of view it is called __________ __________.
confirmation bias
A ________ _________ is where the participant is unaware of the true premise of the study
blind study
___________ __________ _________ is when both the study participant and the researcher are unaware of the experimental manipulation.
Double blind studies
