Chapter Eleven: Infectious Diseases Flashcards
diseases caused by a microbial or parasitic agent are called _______ _______.
infectious diseases
A ___________ is any condition that interferes with the proper functioning of body and mind
disease
Diseases are characterized by an identifiable group of _____________.
symptoms
An infection occurs when:
infectious agent enters the
body and begin to reproduce
________ is the infectious agent that causes the disease
Pathogen
_______ is the organism that is infected with a pathogenic organism
Host
________ is an agent (e.g. animal or microorganism) that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen from one host to another
Vector
What is an example of a Vector?
Disease: Malaria
Vector: Mosquito
List the four types of infectious agents
- Bacterial
- Virus
- Fungi
- Protozoa
List four types of bacterial diseases
- Cholera
- Typhoid
- Tuberculosis
- Pneumonia
List 5 types of viruses
- COVID
- Chicken Pox
- Flu
- Measles
- AIDS
List 2 types of Protozoa diseases
- Malaria
- Giardiasis aka “Beaver Fever”
What is an example of a fungi disease?
Athletes Foot
Cancer causing viruses are called ______
oncoviruses
Are viruses considered to be organisms?
No because they’re not cell based
TRUE or FALSE: Viruses can affect any type of bacteria, including plants and organisms
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE: Most percentage of bacterial species are pathogenic
FALSE: Only a small percentage of bacterial species are pathogenic (disease-causing)
List two types of bacteria that are beneficial to humans
- Bacteria on skin (normal flora): help defend against
pathogenic bacteria - Bacteria in colon (digestive system): help us to obtain nutrients from our food and help defend us from pathogenic bacteria
An ______ _______ is when bacteria is not where it’s supposed to be
Ectopic infection
The _________ _________ is the amount of time needed for a quantity to
double from its initial amount
doubling time
what is the opposite of half life?
Doubling time
_____________ is the study of the spread of disease and factors that influence its spread
Epidemiology
Who was the first to apply scientific
thinking to determine how cholera was transmitted?
John Snow
Who was considered to be the “father of epidemiology?”
John Snow
who was the first to observe bacteria and
protozoa?
Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek
Who discovered the bacterium which causes cholera: Vibrio cholerae?
Robert Koch
List the 4 steps that are necessary in identifying an infectious agent of a disease and its purpose.
Purpose: to establish a causal (cause and effect)
relationship between a pathogen and a disease
- The suspected pathogen must be present in every case of disease individuals and be absent in healthy
individuals - Suspected pathogen must be isolated and must be grown in pure culture (grown outside the body)
- Show that cultured pathogen causes the same disease in a healthy individual
- The suspected pathogen must be re-isolated from the experimental subject/individual and shown to be the same as the original
List the 4 ways to prevent and treat disease
1) One of the natural means of prevention is to keep your immune system healthy
2) Antibiotics/ Antiviral medications
3) Hand washing
4) Vaccination
Antibiotics are called:
Miracle drugs
Antibiotics are effective only against _________.
bacteria
Approximately ___% of all human diseases are caused
by bacterial infections
50%
How do antibiotics work?
Antibiotic is a selective “poison”: Antibiotics kill only bacterial cells not the cells in our body. Hence, our body cells are unharmed.
The first antibiotic __________ was discovered in _____ by
Scientist named _________ ___________.
- Penicillin
- 1928
- Alexander Fleming
Some strains of bacteria are no longer killed by
antibiotics that used to kill them. These are known as:
Antibiotic resistance strains (aka “superbugs”)
How do antibiotic resistance strains happen?
A mutation is caused by a change in the nucleotide
sequence of DNA
How fast can mutations happen in the bacteria when it comes to “superbugs”?
Resistant strains are usually documented within just 3 years of a new antibiotic receiving (U.S.) F.D.A. Approval
_______ and _______ of antibiotics speed up how fast populations of bacteria evolve and become resistant
- overuse
- misuse
A _______ produces immunity to a specific disease.
vaccine
List the three steps that explain how a vaccine works.
- A dead or weakened (disabled) pathogen is injected into the body
- The body reacts to the antigen by creating antibodies to attack it
- If the certain antigen ever enters the body again, the body’s immune system antibodies will be able to fight against it.
What is smaller, viruses or bacteria?
viruses
TRUE or FALSE: Viruses can only replicate (reproduce) themselves by infecting a host
cell and therefore cannot reproduce on their own
TRUE
What are the two types of life cycles that viruses can have?
Lytic cycle:
* injects its DNA into the Bacteria then makes copies of the DNA
* uses the DNA, as well as RNA and ribosomes to make proteins
* the proteins makes the virus’s lyse (erupt from the cell)
* heads to another cell to repeat this cycle
Lysogenic cycle:
the virus injects their DNA in and becomes part of the genetic material of the cell and so every time the cell is making a copy of itself it’s making a copy of that virus
