Chapter Five Flashcards
Learning
A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience
Classical Conditioning
A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response.
Neutral Stimulus
A stimulus that, before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest
Unconditioned Stimulus(UCS)
A stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned
Unconditioned response (UCR)
A response that is natural and needs no training
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
A once-neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused only by the unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned Response (CR)
A response that, after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus
Extinction
A basic phenomenon of learning that occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears
Spontaneous Recovery
The reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning
Stimulus Generalization
A process in which, after a stimulus has been conditioned to produce a particular response, stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus produce the same response
Stimulus Discrimination
The process that occurs if two stimuli are sufficiently distinct from one another that one evokes a conditioned response but the other does not; the ability to differentiate between stimuli
Operant conditioning
Learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences
Reinforcement
The process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated
Reinforcer
Any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again
Positive Reinforcer
A stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response
Negative Reinforcer
An unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future
Punishment
A stimulus that decreases the probability that a previous behavior will occur again
Schedules of reinforcement
Different patterns of frequency and timing od reinforcement following desired behavior
Continuous reinforcement Schedule
A schedule in which behavior is reinforced every time the behavior occurs
Partial (Or intermittent) Reinforcement Schedule
A schedule in which behavior is reinforced some but not all of the time
Fixed-ratio schedule
A schedule in which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made
Variable-Ratio Schedule
A schedule by which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number
Fixed-interval Schedule
A schedule in which reinforcement is provided for a response only after a fixed time period has elapsed
Variable-interval schedule
A schedule by which the time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being fixed
Shaping
The process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
Behavior modification
A formalized technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones
Cognitive Learning Theory
An approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning
Latent Learning
Learning in which a new behavior is acquired but is not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it
Observational Learning
Learning by observing the behavior of another person, or model
