chapter five

Question 1

explicit/declarative memory

Answer 1

conscious recollections (episodic/semantic memory)

Question 2

implicit/nondeclarative memory

Answer 2

no conscious recollections
(procedural memory)

Question 3

encoding

Answer 3

transfer of information from short-term memory to long-term memory

Question 4

sensory memory

Answer 4

limited but large number of unanalyzed stimuli held for a brief duration

Question 5

persistence of vision

Answer 5

continued perception of visual stimulus after it’s no longer present

Question 6

iconic memory

Answer 6

0.25-0.50 seconds

Question 7

echoic memory

Answer 7

1-3 seconds

Question 8

sperling’s experiment

Answer 8

• participants shown 12 letters in 3 rows
• whole report method: asked to report all the letters in the grid (25% of letters successfully reported on average)
• partial report method: asked to report one row based on which tone played (reported most letters)
• delayed partial report method: asked to report one row but tone indicating which row was delayed (only reported one letter)

Question 9

short-term memory

Answer 9

limited capacity of analyzed stimuli is held for 15-20 seconds unless one engages in rote rehearsal

Question 10

rote rehearsal

Answer 10

repeating information to oneself

Question 11

digit span

Answer 11

• studies inicate 5-9 items can be held
• present string of items and ask participants to recall as many as they can
• number of items pronounced in 1.5-2 seconds is your digit span

Question 12

change detection

Answer 12

• studies indicate that 4 items can be held
• change in color of square diagram

Question 13

miller

Answer 13

proposed that 7+/-2 chunks of information can be held

Question 14

working memory

Answer 14

stores and manipulates information for action (learning, completion of tasks, reasoning)

Question 15

phonological loop

Answer 15

• phonological store that holds verbal and auditory stimuli for a few seconds
• articulatory rehearsal process that maintains stimuli in the phonological store through rehearsal

Question 16

visuospatial sketch pad

Answer 16

holds visual and spatial information

Question 17

central exclusive

Answer 17

retrieves information from long-term memory. coordinates activity in the phonological loop and visuospatial sketch pad based on task demands by directing attention

Question 18

evidence of a phonological loop

Answer 18

• phonological similarity effect: confusion between similar sounding letters/words
• word length effect: better memory for short words than long words
• articulatory suppression: repetition of an irrelevant sound impairs memory because it interfered with articulatory rehearsal process

Question 19

• evidence of a visuospatial sketch pad

Answer 19

• mental rotation of a visual image
• harder to point to and maintain a visual image in mind because both required the visuospatial sketchpad

Question 20

evidence of a central executive

Answer 20

• behaviour of patients with frontal lobe brain damage reveal that control of attention is impaired
• perseveration: a thought or action is repeated even when it does not help fulfill the goal/task

Question 21

episodic buffer

Answer 21

stores information and is connected to long-term memory