Chapter Five

Question 1

Laws passed immediately after the Civil War by the confederate states that limited the rights of “freemen” (people formerly enslaved).

Answer 1

Black Codes

Question 2

This 1954 Supreme Court decision ruled that segregated schools violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Answer 2

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

Question 3

Active, but nonviolent, refusal to comply with laws or governmental policies that are morally objectionable, while accepting the consequences of violating these laws.

Answer 3

Civil Disobedience

Question 4

The rights and privileges guaranteed to all citizens under the equal protection and due process clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments; the idea that individuals are protected from discrimination based on characteristics such as race, national origin, religion, and sex.

Answer 4

Civil Rights

Question 5

Segregation maintained by practice.

Answer 5

De Facto Segregation

Question 6

Segregation mandated by law.

Answer 6

De Jure Segregation

Question 7

The Fourteenth Amendment clause stating that no state shall “deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.”

Answer 7

Equal Protection Clause

Question 8

A clause exempting individuals from voting conditions such as poll taxes or literacy tests if they or their ancestors had voted before 1870, thus sparing most white voters.

Answer 8

Grandfather Clause

Question 9

A crime committed against a person, property, or society, in which the offender is motivated, in part or in whole, by his or her bias against the victim because of the victim’s race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity.

Answer 9

Hate Crime

Question 10

The guidelines used most frequently by the courts to determine the legality of sex-based discrimination; on the basis of this test, sex-based discrimination is legal if the government can prove that it is substantially related to the achievement of an important public interest.

Answer 10

Heightened Scrutiny Test (Intermediate Scrutiny Test)

Question 11

Individual attributes such as race, national origin, religion, and sex.

Answer 11

Inherent Characteristics

Question 12

The experience of multiple forms of oppression (based on race, gender, class, sexual orientation, or sexual identity) simultaneously.

Answer 12

Intersectionality

Question 13

Occurs when a class of people are treated in a manner that is malicious, hostile, or damaging.

Answer 13

Invidious Discrimination

Question 14

Laws requiring the strict separation of racial groups, with whites and “nonwhites” required to attend separate schools, work in different jobs, and use segregated public accommodations, such as transportation and restaurants.

Answer 14

Jim Crow Laws

Question 15

A test to determine eligibility to vote; designed so that few African Americans would pass.

Answer 15

Literacy Test

Question 16

On the basis of this test, sex-based discrimination is legal if it is a reasonable means by which the government can achieve a legitimate public interest.

Answer 16

Ordinary Scrutiny Test (Rational Basis Test)

Question 17

1896 Supreme Court ruling creating the separate but equal doctrine.

Answer 17

Plessy v. Ferguson

Question 18

A fee for voting; levied to prevent poor African Americans in the South from voting.

Answer 18

Poll Tax

Question 19

The time after the Civil War between 1866 and 1877 when the institutions and infrastructure of the South were rebuilt.

Answer 19

Reconstruction Era

Question 20

An illegal practice in which banks or insurance companies refuse or limit loans, mortgages, or insurance within specific geographic areas, often inner-city neighborhoods.

Answer 20

Redlining

Question 21

Established by the Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson, it said that separate but equal facilities for whites and nonwhites do not violate the Fourteenth Amendment’s equal protection clause.

Answer 21

Separate But Equal Doctrine

Question 22

The legal right to bring lawsuits in court.

Answer 22

Standing To Sue

Question 23

Guidelines the courts use to determine the legality of suspect classification based discrimination; on the basis of this test, discrimination is legal if it is a necessary means by which the government can achieve a compelling public interest.

Answer 23

Strict Scrutiny Test

Question 24

Distinctions based on race, religion, and national origin, which are assumed to be illegitimate.

Answer 24

Suspect Classifications

Question 25

Individuals whose gender identity does not match the sex they were assigned at birth.

Answer 25

Transgender

Question 26

A primary election in which a party’s nominees for general election were chosen but in which only white people were allowed to vote.

Answer 26

White Primary