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Cosmo 131(4th Quarter) > Chapter F06 Chemical & Safety Glossary > Flashcards

Chapter F06 Chemical & Safety Glossary Flashcards

1
Q

acidic solution

A

a solution that has a pH below 7 (neutral)

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2
Q

Acid–alkali neutralization reactions

A

when acids are mixed with alkalis in equal proportions, balancing the total pH and forming water and a salt

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3
Q

alkaline solution

A

a solution that has a pH above 7 (neutral)

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4
Q

Alkalis

A

also known as bases ; compounds that react with acids to form salts

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5
Q

Alkanolamines

A

alkaline substances used to neutralize acids or raise the pH of many hair products

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6
Q

alpha hydroxy acids (ahas)

A

abbreviated AHAs; acids derived from plants (mostly fruit) that are often used to exfoliate the skin

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7
Q

ammonia

A

colorless gas with a pungent odor that is composed of hydrogen and nitrogen

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8
Q

anion

A

an ion with a negative electrical charge

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9
Q

cation

A

an ion with a positive electrical charge

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10
Q

ion

A

an atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge

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11
Q

ionization

A

the separation of an atom or molecule into positive and negative ions

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12
Q

ph scale

A

a measure of the acidity and alkalinity of a substance; the pH scale has a range of 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. A pH below 7 is an acidic solution; a pH above 7 is an alkaline solution

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13
Q

sodium hydroxide

A

a very strong alkali used in chemical products and cleaners; commonly known as lye

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14
Q

glycolic acid

A

an alpha hydroxy acid used in exfoliation and to lower the pH of products

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15
Q

thioglycolic acid

A

a colorless liquid or white crystals with a strong unpleasant odor that is used in permanent waving solutions

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16
Q

endothermic reaction

A

chemical reaction that requires the absorption of energy or heat from an external source for the reaction to occur

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17
Q

combustion

A

rapid oxidation of a substance accompanied by the production of heat and light

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18
Q

exothermic reaction

A

chemical reaction that releases a significant amount of heat

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19
Q

reducing agent

A

a substance that adds hydrogen to a chemical compound or subtracts oxygen from the compound

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20
Q

oxidizing agent

A

a substance that releases oxygen

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21
Q

oxidation–reduction

A

also known as redox; a chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced (by losing oxygen) and the reducing agent is oxidized (by gaining oxygen)

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22
Q

incompatible

A

substances that should not be mixed or even stored near each other

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23
Q

safety data sheet

A

required by law for all products sold; SDSs include safety information about products compiled by the manufacturer, including hazardous ingredients, safe use and handling procedures, proper disposal guidelines, and precautions to reduce the risk of accidental harm or overexposure

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24
Q

carcinogen

A

a substance that causes or is believed to cause cancer

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25
mutagen
a substance that causes an increase in cellular mutations, some of which are harmful but others which have little or no effect on the body’s function; may cause cancer but not always
26
combustible
material that is capable of igniting and burning
27
flammable
material that is capable of igniting and burning, and easier to ignite than combustible material.
28
chemistry
science that deals with the composition, structures, and properties of matter and how matter changes under different conditions
29
matter
any substance that occupies space and has mass (weight)
30
element
the simplest form of chemical matter; an element cannot be broken down into a simpler substance without a loss of identity
31
atoms
the smallest chemical components (often called particles) of an element; structures that make up the element and have the same properties of the element
32
electrons
subatomic particles with a negative charge
33
protons
subatomic particles with a positive charge
34
neutrons
subatomic particles with no charge
35
molecule
a chemical combination of two or more atoms in definite (fixed) proportions
36
elemental molecule
molecule containing two or more atoms of the same element in definite (fixed) proportions
37
compound molecules
also known as compounds; a chemical combination of two or more atoms of different elements in definite (fixed) proportions
38
physical change
a change in the form or physical properties of a substance without a chemical reaction or the creation of a new substance
39
chemical change
a change in the chemical composition or make-up of a substance
40
physical properties
characteristics that can be determined without a chemical reaction and that do not cause a chemical change in the substance
41
chemical properties
characteristics that can be determined only by a chemical reaction and a chemical change in the substance
42
pure substance
a chemical combination of matter in definite (fixed) proportions
43
physical mixture
a physical combination of matter in any proportion
44
solution
a stable, uniform mixture of two or more substances
45
solute
the substance that is dissolved in a solution
46
solvent
the substance that dissolves the solute and makes a solution
47
miscible
liquids that are mutually soluble, meaning that they can be mixed together to form stable solutions
48
immiscible
liquids that are not capable of being mixed together to form stable solutions
49
suspensions
unstable physical mixtures of undissolved particles in a liquid
50
emulsion
an unstable physical mixture of two or more immiscible substances (substances that normally will not stay mixed) plus a special ingredient called an emulsifier
51
emulsifier
an ingredient that brings two normally incompatible materials together and binds them into a uniform and fairly stable mixture
52
surfactants
a contraction of surface active agents; substances that allow oil and water to mix, or emulsify
53
hydrophilic
easily absorbs moisture; in chemistry terms, capable of combining with or attracting water (water-loving)
54
lipophilic
having an affinity for or an attraction to fat and oils (oil-loving)
55
oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion
abbreviated O/W emulsion; oil droplets emulsified in water
56
water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion
abbreviated W/O emulsion; water droplets emulsified in oil
57
volatile alcohols
alcohols that evaporate easily
58
glycerin
sweet, colorless, oily substance used as a solvent and as a moisturizer in skin and body creams
59
silicones
special type of oil used in hair conditioners, water-resistant lubricants for the skin, and nail polish dryers
60
volatile organic compounds (vocs)
abbreviated VOCs; compounds that contain carbon (organic) and evaporate very easily (volatile)
61
overexposure
prolonged, repeated, or long-term exposure that can cause sensitivity
62
ph
the abbreviation used for potential hydrogen. pH represents the quantity of hydrogen ions

Cosmo 131(4th Quarter) (11 decks)

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