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Cosmo 131(4th Quarter) > Chapter F06 Chemical & Safety Glossary > Flashcards

Chapter F06 Chemical & Safety Glossary Flashcards

1
Q

acidic solution

A

a solution that has a pH below 7 (neutral)

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2
Q

Acid–alkali neutralization reactions

A

when acids are mixed with alkalis in equal proportions, balancing the total pH and forming water and a salt

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3
Q

alkaline solution

A

a solution that has a pH above 7 (neutral)

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4
Q

Alkalis

A

also known as bases ; compounds that react with acids to form salts

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5
Q

Alkanolamines

A

alkaline substances used to neutralize acids or raise the pH of many hair products

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6
Q

alpha hydroxy acids (ahas)

A

abbreviated AHAs; acids derived from plants (mostly fruit) that are often used to exfoliate the skin

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7
Q

ammonia

A

colorless gas with a pungent odor that is composed of hydrogen and nitrogen

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8
Q

anion

A

an ion with a negative electrical charge

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9
Q

cation

A

an ion with a positive electrical charge

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10
Q

ion

A

an atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge

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11
Q

ionization

A

the separation of an atom or molecule into positive and negative ions

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12
Q

ph scale

A

a measure of the acidity and alkalinity of a substance; the pH scale has a range of 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. A pH below 7 is an acidic solution; a pH above 7 is an alkaline solution

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13
Q

sodium hydroxide

A

a very strong alkali used in chemical products and cleaners; commonly known as lye

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14
Q

glycolic acid

A

an alpha hydroxy acid used in exfoliation and to lower the pH of products

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15
Q

thioglycolic acid

A

a colorless liquid or white crystals with a strong unpleasant odor that is used in permanent waving solutions

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16
Q

endothermic reaction

A

chemical reaction that requires the absorption of energy or heat from an external source for the reaction to occur

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17
Q

combustion

A

rapid oxidation of a substance accompanied by the production of heat and light

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18
Q

exothermic reaction

A

chemical reaction that releases a significant amount of heat

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19
Q

reducing agent

A

a substance that adds hydrogen to a chemical compound or subtracts oxygen from the compound

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20
Q

oxidizing agent

A

a substance that releases oxygen

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21
Q

oxidation–reduction

A

also known as redox; a chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced (by losing oxygen) and the reducing agent is oxidized (by gaining oxygen)

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22
Q

incompatible

A

substances that should not be mixed or even stored near each other

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23
Q

safety data sheet

A

required by law for all products sold; SDSs include safety information about products compiled by the manufacturer, including hazardous ingredients, safe use and handling procedures, proper disposal guidelines, and precautions to reduce the risk of accidental harm or overexposure

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24
Q

carcinogen

A

a substance that causes or is believed to cause cancer

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25
Q

mutagen

A

a substance that causes an increase in cellular mutations, some of which are harmful but others which have little or no effect on the body’s function; may cause cancer but not always

26
Q

combustible

A

material that is capable of igniting and burning

27
Q

flammable

A

material that is capable of igniting and burning, and easier to ignite than combustible material.

28
Q

chemistry

A

science that deals with the composition, structures, and properties of matter and how matter changes under different conditions

29
Q

matter

A

any substance that occupies space and has mass (weight)

30
Q

element

A

the simplest form of chemical matter; an element cannot be broken down into a simpler substance without a loss of identity

31
Q

atoms

A

the smallest chemical components (often called particles) of an element; structures that make up the element and have the same properties of the element

32
Q

electrons

A

subatomic particles with a negative charge

33
Q

protons

A

subatomic particles with a positive charge

34
Q

neutrons

A

subatomic particles with no charge

35
Q

molecule

A

a chemical combination of two or more atoms in definite (fixed) proportions

36
Q

elemental molecule

A

molecule containing two or more atoms of the same element in definite (fixed) proportions

37
Q

compound molecules

A

also known as compounds; a chemical combination of two or more atoms of different elements in definite (fixed) proportions

38
Q

physical change

A

a change in the form or physical properties of a substance without a chemical reaction or the creation of a new substance

39
Q

chemical change

A

a change in the chemical composition or make-up of a substance

40
Q

physical properties

A

characteristics that can be determined without a chemical reaction and that do not cause a chemical change in the substance

41
Q

chemical properties

A

characteristics that can be determined only by a chemical reaction and a chemical change in the substance

42
Q

pure substance

A

a chemical combination of matter in definite (fixed) proportions

43
Q

physical mixture

A

a physical combination of matter in any proportion

44
Q

solution

A

a stable, uniform mixture of two or more substances

45
Q

solute

A

the substance that is dissolved in a solution

46
Q

solvent

A

the substance that dissolves the solute and makes a solution

47
Q

miscible

A

liquids that are mutually soluble, meaning that they can be mixed together to form stable solutions

48
Q

immiscible

A

liquids that are not capable of being mixed together to form stable solutions

49
Q

suspensions

A

unstable physical mixtures of undissolved particles in a liquid

50
Q

emulsion

A

an unstable physical mixture of two or more immiscible substances (substances that normally will not stay mixed) plus a special ingredient called an emulsifier

51
Q

emulsifier

A

an ingredient that brings two normally incompatible materials together and binds them into a uniform and fairly stable mixture

52
Q

surfactants

A

a contraction of surface active agents; substances that allow oil and water to mix, or emulsify

53
Q

hydrophilic

A

easily absorbs moisture; in chemistry terms, capable of combining with or attracting water (water-loving)

54
Q

lipophilic

A

having an affinity for or an attraction to fat and oils (oil-loving)

55
Q

oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion

A

abbreviated O/W emulsion; oil droplets emulsified in water

56
Q

water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion

A

abbreviated W/O emulsion; water droplets emulsified in oil

57
Q

volatile alcohols

A

alcohols that evaporate easily

58
Q

glycerin

A

sweet, colorless, oily substance used as a solvent and as a moisturizer in skin and body creams

59
Q

silicones

A

special type of oil used in hair conditioners, water-resistant lubricants for the skin, and nail polish dryers

60
Q

volatile organic compounds (vocs)

A

abbreviated VOCs; compounds that contain carbon (organic) and evaporate very easily (volatile)

61
Q

overexposure

A

prolonged, repeated, or long-term exposure that can cause sensitivity

62
Q

ph

A

the abbreviation used for potential hydrogen. pH represents the quantity of hydrogen ions

Cosmo 131(4th Quarter) (11 decks)

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