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Cosmo 131(4th Quarter) > Chapter 2 Glossary > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Glossary Flashcards

1
Q

Anabolism

A

process of simple molecules combining to form a complex molecule; requires energy

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2
Q

Anatomy

A

also called gross anatomy, is the study of human body structures, how the body parts are organized, and the science of the interconnected structures of organisms, or of their parts

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3
Q

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

part of the nervous system that controls involuntary muscle action and regulates the action of the smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels, heart and breathing

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4
Q

Belly

A

middle part of the muscle

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5
Q

Body systems

A

also known as systems; groups of body organs acting together to perform one or more functions

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6
Q

Brain

A

one of the body’s most complex organs that controls all the body’s functions

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7
Q

Buccinator

A

muscle of the cheek between the upper and lower jaw that compresses the cheeks and expels air between the lips

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8
Q

Catabolism

A

process of breaking complex molecules down into simple molecules; releases energy

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9
Q

Cell membrane

A

thin layer of tissue that surrounds the cell; it protects the interior of the cell from its surroundings and is semipermeable, meaning it allows certain substances to enter the cell

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10
Q

Cells

A

basic units of all living things

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11
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

controls voluntary muscle actions and consists of the brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves

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12
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A

seven bones located below the skull; provide support, structure and flexibility to the neck

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13
Q

Connective tissue

A

is fibrous tissue that binds and supports other body tissues and organs

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14
Q

Corrugator

A

small muscle located between the eyebrows just below the frontalis; draws the eyebrow down and wrinkles the forehead vertically

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15
Q

Cranium

A

oval, bony case consisting of eight bones that protect the brain

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16
Q

Cytoplasm

A

watery fluid that surrounds the nucleus; provides structure for cell parts to move within the cell membrane; enzymes in the cytoplasm help digest and break down other molecules for food

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17
Q

Depressor labii inferioris

A

muscle that surrounds and lowers the lower lip and draws it to one side, as when expressing sarcasm; also known as quadratus labii inferioris

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18
Q

Epicranial aponeurosis

A

tendon that connects the occipitalis and frontalis muscles

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19
Q

Epicranius

A

broad muscle that covers the top of the skull and consists of the occipitalis and frontalis; also called occipitofrontalis

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20
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

provides a covering that protects the body and is found within many parts of the body such as skin, mucous membranes, digestive and respiratory organs, the lining of the mouth, the lining of the heart, and the glands

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21
Q

Ethmoid bone

A

separates nasal cavity from the brain

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22
Q

Facial skeleton

A

framework of the face; composed of 14 bones

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23
Q

Frontal bone

A

bone that forms the forehead

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24
Q

Frontalis

A

front (anterior) portion of the epicranius; scalp muscle that raises the eyebrows, draws the scalp forward, and causes wrinkles across the forehead

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25
Q

Hyoid bone

A

U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports it and its muscles; the only bone of the throat

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26
Q

Integumentary system

A

body system consisting of skin and its accessory organs, such as the oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair, and nails, it serves as a protective covering and helps regulate the body’s temperature

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27
Q

Joint

A

connection between two or more bones

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28
Q

Lacrimal bones

A

two small, thin bones located in the front inside wall of the eye sockets (orbits)

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29
Q

Levator anguli oris

A

muscle that raises the angle of the mouth and draws it inward

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30
Q

Levator labii superioris

A

muscle that surrounds and elevates the upper lip and dilates the nostrils, as when expressing distaste

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31
Q

Levator palpebrae superioris

A

thin muscle that controls the movement of the eyelid

32
Q

Mandible

A

largest and strongest bone of the face that forms the lower jaw

33
Q

Masseter

A

originates at the lower part of the zygomatic; moves the mandible, causing the mouth to close

34
Q

Mastication

A

medical term for chewing

35
Q

Maxillae bones

A

two bones that form the upper jaw

36
Q

Mentalis

A

muscle at the tip of the chin that elevates the lower lip and raises and wrinkles the skin of the chin

37
Q

Metabolism

A

chemical process by which cells convert nutrients to energy

38
Q

Mitosis

A

process of cell reproduction that occurs when the cell divides into two identical daughter cells

39
Q

Motor nerves

A

also known as efferent nerves; carry impulses from the brain to the muscles or glands; these transmitted impulses produce movement

40
Q

Muscular system

A

body system that covers and holds the skeletal system in place and moves various body parts

41
Q

Myology

A

study of the structure, functions, and diseases of the muscular system

42
Q

Nasal bones

A

two bones that form the bridge of the nose

43
Q

Nerves

A

whitish bundles of nerve fibers that transmit impulses

44
Q

Nerve tissue

A

carries messages to and from the brain and controls and coordinates all bodily functions

45
Q

Nervous system

A

well organized body system composed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves; controls and coordinates all other body systems

46
Q

Neurology

A

study of the structure, function, and pathology of the nervous system

47
Q

Nucleus

A

specialized structure at the center of the cell; controls growth and reproduction of the cell and contains the cell’s genetic material

48
Q

Occipital bone

A

located below the parietal bones forming the back of the skull above the nape

49
Q

Occipitalis

A

back (posterior) portion of the epicranius; muscle that draws the scalp backward

50
Q

Orbicularis oculi

A

ring muscle of the eye socket that closes the eyelids and assists in pumping tears

51
Q

Orbicularis oris

A

muscle that circles the mouth and contracts, puckers, and wrinkles the lips

52
Q

Organs

A

groups of specialized tissues designed to perform specific functions

53
Q

Origin

A

part of the muscle that does not move and is anchored to the bone; attached closest to the skeleton

54
Q

Osteology

A

the study of bones

55
Q

Parietal bones

A

two bones that form the sides and top of the cranium

56
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

system of nerves connecting the peripheral (outer) parts of the body to the central nervous system; has both sensory and motor nerves, carries impulses to and from the CNS

57
Q

Physiology

A

the study of the functions or activities performed by the body’s structures

58
Q

Platysma

A

broad muscle extending from the pectoral and deltoid muscles to the side of the chin; responsible for lowering the lower jaw and lip

59
Q

Procerus

A

muscle that covers the bridge of the nose, lowers the eyebrows, and causes wrinkles across the bridge of the nose

60
Q

Protoplasm

A

makes up a cell; contains nutrients, mineral salts, and water

61
Q

Reflex

A

automatic reaction that involves sending an impulse from a sensory receptor along the sensory nerve to the spinal cord

62
Q

Risorius

A

muscle at the corner of the mouth that draws it out and back, as when grinning

63
Q

Sensory nerves

A

also known as afferent nerves, they carry messages from the sense organs (heat, cold, sight, sound, smell, taste) to the brain and spinal cord

64
Q

Skeletal system

A

forms the physical foundation of the body and is composed of 206 bones that vary in size and shape; connected by movable and immovable joints

65
Q

Skull

A

skeleton of the head; divided into two parts called the cranium and facial skeleton

66
Q

Spinal cord

A

is the portion of the central nervous system that originates in the brain and extends down to the bottom of the spine

67
Q

Sphenoid bone

A

forms base and sides of the skull

68
Q

Sternocleidomastoideus

A

neck muscle that lowers and rotates the head; originates at the clavicle and inserts at the temporal bone near the ear

69
Q

Temporal bones

A

two bones forming the sides of the head in the ear region

70
Q

Temporalis

A

located near the temple that opens and closes the jaw

71
Q

Tissue

A

group of similar cells that perform a specific function

72
Q

Trapezius

A

muscle that covers the back of the neck and upper and middle regions of the back; lifts and turns the head, raises the shoulders, and controls swinging movements of the arm

73
Q

Triangularis

A

muscle at the corner of the lip that extends over the chin and pulls down the corners of the mouth when frowning

74
Q

Zygomatic bones

A

also known as cheekbones or malar bones; they form the prominence of the cheeks and the outer part of

75
Q

Zygomaticus major

A

muscle that extends from the zygomatic bone to the angle of the mouth; directs the lip outward and upward when laughing or smiling

76
Q

Zygomaticus minor

A

muscle that works with the zygomaticus major to make facial expressions

Cosmo 131(4th Quarter) (11 decks)

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