Chapter - Chemistry Comes To Life

Question 1

What is matter? And what are the three forms of matter?

Answer 1

Anything that takes up space and mass

Solid - shape and volume
Liquid - definite volume changeable shape
Gas has changeable shape and volume

Question 2

Energy

And types

Answer 2

The capacity to do work

Kinetic - energy in action

Potential - inactive energy

Question 3

Forms of energy

Answer 3

Chemical - stored in the bonds of chemical substances

Electrical - results from the movement of the charged particles

Mechanical - directly involved in moving matter

Radiant or electromagnetic - energy traveling in waves

Question 4

What is true about energy and conversion

And what is lost

Answer 4

Energy is easily converted from one form to another

During conversion some energy is lost as heat

Question 5

Elements

Atoms

Atomic symbol

Answer 5

Elements - unique substance that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means

Atoms - more or less identical building blocks for each element

Atomic symbol - one or two letter chemical shorthand for each element

Question 6

What is true about elements?

Answer 6

Elements have unique physical and chemical properties

Question 7

What are physical and chemical properties

Answer 7

Physical - those detected with our senses

Chemical - pertain to the way atoms interact with one another

Question 8

What are the major elements of the human body

Answer 8

Oxygen

Carbon

Hydrogen

Nitrogen

Question 9

Subatomic particles

Areee

Answer 9

The nucleus consists of neutrons and protons

Question 10

Neutrons
Protons
Electrons

Answer 10

Neutrons - have no charge neutral and a mass of one atomic mass unit

Protons - have a positive charge and a mass of 1

Electrons - negative charge

Question 11

Planetary model

Orbital model

Answer 11

Planetary - electrons move around the nucleus in a fixed circular orbit

Orbital - regions around the nucleus in which electrons are most likely to b found

Question 12

Atomic #

Mass #

Atomic weight

Isotope

Radioisotopes

Answer 12

Atomic # - number of protons

Mass # - number of protons and neutrons together

Atomic weight - average of the mass numbers of all isotopes

Isotopes - same number of protons diff number of neutrons

Radioisotopes - atoms that undergo spontaneous decay called radioactivity

Question 13

Molecule

Compound

Answer 13

Molecule - two or more atoms held together by a chemical bond

Compound - two or more different kinds of atoms chemically bonded together

Question 14

Solutions

Solvent

Solute

Answer 14

Solutions - homogeneous mixtures of components

Solvent - what it is being dissolved into

Solute - what is dissolving the substance

Question 15

Electrons shells or energy levels

Valence shell

Octet rule

Answer 15

Electrons shells - surround the nucleus of an atom

Valence shell - outer most energy level containing chemically active electrons

Octet rule - except for the first shell which is full with two electrons atoms interact in a manner to have eight electrons in their valence shell

Question 16

What is true about inert elements

Answer 16

They have their outer most energy level fully occupied by electrons

Question 17

Reactive elements don’t have what?

Answer 17

Their outermost shell isn’t fully occupied by electrons

Question 18

Free radical

Answer 18

Free radical - electrically charged atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in its outmost shell

Question 19

How can free radicals become stable

Answer 19

Giving up an electrons

Taking an electron from another molecule

Antioxidants

Question 20

What are antioxidants

Answer 20

Substances that inactivate oxygen derived free radicals

Question 21

Ionic bonds

What are anions

Cations

Answer 21

Charged atoms resulting from the gain or loss of electrons

Anions - have gained one or more electrons (negative charge)

Cations - have lost one of more electrons (positive charge)

Question 22

How do ionic bond form?

Answer 22

Between atoms by the transfer of one or more electrons

Question 23

What are covalent bonds

What does sharing electrons make?

Answer 23

Formed by the sharing of two or more electrons

Molecules

Question 24

If electrons share equally they are…

If electrons share unequally they are…

Atoms with 6 or 7 valence shell electrons are

Atoms with 1 or 2 valence shell electrons are

Answer 24

Nonpolar

Polar

Electronegative

Electropostive

Question 25

Hydrogen bonds are

Answer 25

Too weak to bind an Atoms together 5 percent as strong as covalent bonds

Question 26

Went to chemical reactions occur

Answer 26

When chemical bonds are formed rearranged or broken

Question 27

Synthesis reactions

Answer 27

Reactions which always involve Bon formation for example amino acids become protein

Question 28

DeComposition reactions

Answer 28

Molecules that are broken down into smaller molecules

Question 29

Exchange reactions

Answer 29

Bonds are both made and broken

Question 30

What are electron donors What do electron donors become What are electron except or's and what do they become

Answer 30

Reactants losing electrons Oxidized Reactants taking up electrons and they become reduced

Question 31

What is an exergonic reaction

Answer 31

The bond being broken has more energy than the one form so that extra energy is released usually as

Question 32

And endergonic reaction

Answer 32

Requires that energy be added usually from a molecule called ATP to form a bond

Question 33

How is protein formed

Answer 33

Bonding amino acid molecules come together

Question 34

Rate of reaction is influenced by

Answer 34

Temperature particle size concentration of reactant

Question 35

Organic compounds | Inorganic compounds

Answer 35

Contain carbon are covalently bonded and are often large Do not contain carbon. They are Water salts and many acid bases

Question 36

Hi heat capacity High heat of vaporization Polar solvent properties

Answer 36

Absorbs and releases large amounts of heat before changing temperature Changing from a liquid to a gas requires large amounts of heat Dissolves ionic substances forms hydrogen layers around large charge molecules and serve as the bodies major transport medium

Question 37

Reactivity Cushioning

Answer 37

Is an important part of hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis reactions Protects certain organs from physical trauma

Question 38

What are organic compounds and name a few

Answer 38

Molecules you need to living systems contain carbon and hands are organic compounds just to name a few they include carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid

Question 39

What are the functions of carbohydrates and what are the three classes

Answer 39

Major source of cellular fuel | Structural molecules. The three classes are monosaccharides disaccharides and polysaccharides

Question 40

What are isomers

Answer 40

Have the same molecular formula but the atoms are arranged differently

Question 41

Are some examples of lipids

Answer 41

Neutral fats or triglycerides phospholipids and steroids

Question 42

What are neutral fats a.k.a. triglycerides What are their main functions

Answer 42

Composed of three fatty acid's bonded to a glycerol molecule Energy storage insulation and protection

Question 43

Saturated fatty acid

Answer 43

Single bonds between C Atoms maximum number of H | Solid animal fats example butter

Question 44

Saturated fatty acid

Answer 44

One or more double bonds between C Atoms , Reduce number of H atoms plant oils example olive oil

Question 45

Phospholipids and steroids and eicosandoids

Answer 45

Chief component of cell membranes Cholesterol,bile salts, vitamin D sex hormones and adrenal cortical hormones prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxans

Question 46

What are amino acids How many types of amino acids are there and what are they joined by

Answer 46

Building blocks of proteins 20 and their joined by peptide bonds

Question 47

Protein denaturetion

Answer 47

Reversible unfolding of proteins do two drops in pH or increased temperature

Question 48

What is true about denuration

Answer 48

Proteins cannot re-fold

Question 49

Name two characteristics of enzymes

Answer 49

Frequently named for the type of reaction they catalyze and enzyme name is usually and then ase

Question 50

What nucleic acid's composed of What are nucleotides composed of

Answer 50

Nucleotides N containing base, the pentose sugar, a phosphate group