Chapter - Chemistry Comes To Life Flashcards by betty gelfand

What is matter? And what are the three forms of matter?

Anything that takes up space and mass

Solid - shape and volume
Liquid - definite volume changeable shape
Gas has changeable shape and volume

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Energy

And types

The capacity to do work

Kinetic - energy in action

Potential - inactive energy

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Forms of energy

Chemical - stored in the bonds of chemical substances

Electrical - results from the movement of the charged particles

Mechanical - directly involved in moving matter

Radiant or electromagnetic - energy traveling in waves

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What is true about energy and conversion

And what is lost

Energy is easily converted from one form to another

During conversion some energy is lost as heat

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Elements

Atoms

Atomic symbol

Elements - unique substance that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means

Atoms - more or less identical building blocks for each element

Atomic symbol - one or two letter chemical shorthand for each element

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What is true about elements?

Elements have unique physical and chemical properties

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What are physical and chemical properties

Physical - those detected with our senses

Chemical - pertain to the way atoms interact with one another

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What are the major elements of the human body

Oxygen

Carbon

Hydrogen

Nitrogen

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Subatomic particles

Areee

The nucleus consists of neutrons and protons

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Neutrons
Protons
Electrons

Neutrons - have no charge neutral and a mass of one atomic mass unit

Protons - have a positive charge and a mass of 1

Electrons - negative charge

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Planetary model

Orbital model

Planetary - electrons move around the nucleus in a fixed circular orbit

Orbital - regions around the nucleus in which electrons are most likely to b found

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Atomic #

Mass #

Atomic weight

Isotope

Radioisotopes

Atomic # - number of protons

Mass # - number of protons and neutrons together

Atomic weight - average of the mass numbers of all isotopes

Isotopes - same number of protons diff number of neutrons

Radioisotopes - atoms that undergo spontaneous decay called radioactivity

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Molecule

Compound

Molecule - two or more atoms held together by a chemical bond

Compound - two or more different kinds of atoms chemically bonded together

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Solutions

Solvent

Solute

Solutions - homogeneous mixtures of components

Solvent - what it is being dissolved into

Solute - what is dissolving the substance

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Electrons shells or energy levels

Valence shell

Octet rule

Electrons shells - surround the nucleus of an atom

Valence shell - outer most energy level containing chemically active electrons

Octet rule - except for the first shell which is full with two electrons atoms interact in a manner to have eight electrons in their valence shell

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What is true about inert elements

They have their outer most energy level fully occupied by electrons

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Reactive elements don’t have what?

Their outermost shell isn’t fully occupied by electrons

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Free radical

Free radical - electrically charged atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in its outmost shell

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How can free radicals become stable

Giving up an electrons

Taking an electron from another molecule

Antioxidants

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What are antioxidants

Substances that inactivate oxygen derived free radicals

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Ionic bonds

What are anions

Cations

Charged atoms resulting from the gain or loss of electrons

Anions - have gained one or more electrons (negative charge)

Cations - have lost one of more electrons (positive charge)

How do ionic bond form?

Between atoms by the transfer of one or more electrons

What are covalent bonds

What does sharing electrons make?

Formed by the sharing of two or more electrons

Molecules

If electrons share equally they are…

If electrons share unequally they are…

Atoms with 6 or 7 valence shell electrons are

Atoms with 1 or 2 valence shell electrons are

Nonpolar

Polar

Electronegative

Electropostive

Hydrogen bonds are

Too weak to bind an Atoms together 5 percent as strong as covalent bonds

Went to chemical reactions occur

When chemical bonds are formed rearranged or broken

Synthesis reactions

Reactions which always involve Bon formation for example amino acids become protein

DeComposition reactions

Molecules that are broken down into smaller molecules

Exchange reactions

Bonds are both made and broken

What are electron donors What do electron donors become What are electron except or's and what do they become

Reactants losing electrons Oxidized Reactants taking up electrons and they become reduced

What is an exergonic reaction

The bond being broken has more energy than the one form so that extra energy is released usually as

And endergonic reaction

Requires that energy be added usually from a molecule called ATP to form a bond

How is protein formed

Bonding amino acid molecules come together

Rate of reaction is influenced by

Temperature particle size concentration of reactant

Organic compounds | Inorganic compounds

Contain carbon are covalently bonded and are often large Do not contain carbon. They are Water salts and many acid bases

Hi heat capacity High heat of vaporization Polar solvent properties

Absorbs and releases large amounts of heat before changing temperature Changing from a liquid to a gas requires large amounts of heat Dissolves ionic substances forms hydrogen layers around large charge molecules and serve as the bodies major transport medium

Reactivity Cushioning

Is an important part of hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis reactions Protects certain organs from physical trauma

What are organic compounds and name a few

Molecules you need to living systems contain carbon and hands are organic compounds just to name a few they include carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid

What are the functions of carbohydrates and what are the three classes

Major source of cellular fuel | Structural molecules. The three classes are monosaccharides disaccharides and polysaccharides

What are isomers

Have the same molecular formula but the atoms are arranged differently

Are some examples of lipids

Neutral fats or triglycerides phospholipids and steroids

What are neutral fats a.k.a. triglycerides What are their main functions

Composed of three fatty acid's bonded to a glycerol molecule Energy storage insulation and protection

Saturated fatty acid

Single bonds between C Atoms maximum number of H | Solid animal fats example butter

Saturated fatty acid

One or more double bonds between C Atoms , Reduce number of H atoms plant oils example olive oil

Phospholipids and steroids and eicosandoids

Chief component of cell membranes Cholesterol,bile salts, vitamin D sex hormones and adrenal cortical hormones prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxans

What are amino acids How many types of amino acids are there and what are they joined by

Building blocks of proteins 20 and their joined by peptide bonds

Protein denaturetion

Reversible unfolding of proteins do two drops in pH or increased temperature

What is true about denuration

Proteins cannot re-fold

Name two characteristics of enzymes

Frequently named for the type of reaction they catalyze and enzyme name is usually and then ase

What nucleic acid's composed of What are nucleotides composed of

Nucleotides N containing base, the pentose sugar, a phosphate group