Chapter - Chemistry Comes To Life Flashcards
What is matter? And what are the three forms of matter?
Anything that takes up space and mass
Solid - shape and volume
Liquid - definite volume changeable shape
Gas has changeable shape and volume
Energy
And types
The capacity to do work
Kinetic - energy in action
Potential - inactive energy
Forms of energy
Chemical - stored in the bonds of chemical substances
Electrical - results from the movement of the charged particles
Mechanical - directly involved in moving matter
Radiant or electromagnetic - energy traveling in waves
What is true about energy and conversion
And what is lost
Energy is easily converted from one form to another
During conversion some energy is lost as heat
Elements
Atoms
Atomic symbol
Elements - unique substance that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means
Atoms - more or less identical building blocks for each element
Atomic symbol - one or two letter chemical shorthand for each element
What is true about elements?
Elements have unique physical and chemical properties
What are physical and chemical properties
Physical - those detected with our senses
Chemical - pertain to the way atoms interact with one another
What are the major elements of the human body
Oxygen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Subatomic particles
Areee
The nucleus consists of neutrons and protons
Neutrons
Protons
Electrons
Neutrons - have no charge neutral and a mass of one atomic mass unit
Protons - have a positive charge and a mass of 1
Electrons - negative charge
Planetary model
Orbital model
Planetary - electrons move around the nucleus in a fixed circular orbit
Orbital - regions around the nucleus in which electrons are most likely to b found
Atomic #
Mass #
Atomic weight
Isotope
Radioisotopes
Atomic # - number of protons
Mass # - number of protons and neutrons together
Atomic weight - average of the mass numbers of all isotopes
Isotopes - same number of protons diff number of neutrons
Radioisotopes - atoms that undergo spontaneous decay called radioactivity
Molecule
Compound
Molecule - two or more atoms held together by a chemical bond
Compound - two or more different kinds of atoms chemically bonded together
Solutions
Solvent
Solute
Solutions - homogeneous mixtures of components
Solvent - what it is being dissolved into
Solute - what is dissolving the substance
Electrons shells or energy levels
Valence shell
Octet rule
Electrons shells - surround the nucleus of an atom
Valence shell - outer most energy level containing chemically active electrons
Octet rule - except for the first shell which is full with two electrons atoms interact in a manner to have eight electrons in their valence shell
What is true about inert elements
They have their outer most energy level fully occupied by electrons
Reactive elements don’t have what?
Their outermost shell isn’t fully occupied by electrons
Free radical
Free radical - electrically charged atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in its outmost shell
How can free radicals become stable
Giving up an electrons
Taking an electron from another molecule
Antioxidants
What are antioxidants
Substances that inactivate oxygen derived free radicals
Ionic bonds
What are anions
Cations
Charged atoms resulting from the gain or loss of electrons
Anions - have gained one or more electrons (negative charge)
Cations - have lost one of more electrons (positive charge)
How do ionic bond form?
Between atoms by the transfer of one or more electrons
What are covalent bonds
What does sharing electrons make?
Formed by the sharing of two or more electrons
Molecules
If electrons share equally they are…
If electrons share unequally they are…
Atoms with 6 or 7 valence shell electrons are
Atoms with 1 or 2 valence shell electrons are
Nonpolar
Polar
Electronegative
Electropostive
Hydrogen bonds are
Too weak to bind an Atoms together
5 percent as strong as covalent bonds
Went to chemical reactions occur
When chemical bonds are formed rearranged or broken
Synthesis reactions
Reactions which always involve Bon formation for example amino acids become protein
DeComposition reactions
Molecules that are broken down into smaller molecules
Exchange reactions
Bonds are both made and broken
What are electron donors
What do electron donors become
What are electron except or’s and what do they become
Reactants losing electrons
Oxidized
Reactants taking up electrons and they become reduced
What is an exergonic reaction
The bond being broken has more energy than the one form so that extra energy is released usually as
And endergonic reaction
Requires that energy be added usually from a molecule called ATP to form a bond
How is protein formed
Bonding amino acid molecules come together
Rate of reaction is influenced by
Temperature particle size concentration of reactant
Organic compounds
Inorganic compounds
Contain carbon are covalently bonded and are often large
Do not contain carbon.
They are Water salts and many acid bases
Hi heat capacity
High heat of vaporization
Polar solvent properties
Absorbs and releases large amounts of heat before changing temperature
Changing from a liquid to a gas requires large amounts of heat
Dissolves ionic substances forms hydrogen layers around large charge molecules and serve as the bodies major transport medium
Reactivity
Cushioning
Is an important part of hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis reactions
Protects certain organs from physical trauma
What are organic compounds and name a few
Molecules you need to living systems contain carbon and hands are organic compounds just to name a few they include carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid
What are the functions of carbohydrates and what are the three classes
Major source of cellular fuel
Structural molecules. The three classes are monosaccharides disaccharides and polysaccharides
What are isomers
Have the same molecular formula but the atoms are arranged differently
Are some examples of lipids
Neutral fats or triglycerides phospholipids and steroids
What are neutral fats a.k.a. triglycerides
What are their main functions
Composed of three fatty acid’s bonded to a glycerol molecule
Energy storage insulation and protection
Saturated fatty acid
Single bonds between C Atoms maximum number of H
Solid animal fats example butter
Saturated fatty acid
One or more double bonds between C Atoms , Reduce number of H atoms plant oils example olive oil
Phospholipids and steroids and eicosandoids
Chief component of cell membranes
Cholesterol,bile salts, vitamin D sex hormones and adrenal cortical hormones
prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxans
What are amino acids
How many types of amino acids are there and what are they joined by
Building blocks of proteins
20 and their joined by peptide bonds
Protein denaturetion
Reversible unfolding of proteins do two drops in pH or increased temperature
What is true about denuration
Proteins cannot re-fold
Name two characteristics of enzymes
Frequently named for the type of reaction they catalyze and enzyme name is usually and then ase
What nucleic acid’s composed of
What are nucleotides composed of
Nucleotides
N containing base, the pentose sugar, a phosphate group
