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A&P 1 > Chapter - Chemistry Comes To Life > Flashcards

Chapter - Chemistry Comes To Life Flashcards

1
Q

What is matter? And what are the three forms of matter?

A

Anything that takes up space and mass

Solid - shape and volume
Liquid - definite volume changeable shape
Gas has changeable shape and volume

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2
Q

Energy

And types

A

The capacity to do work

Kinetic - energy in action

Potential - inactive energy

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3
Q

Forms of energy

A

Chemical - stored in the bonds of chemical substances

Electrical - results from the movement of the charged particles

Mechanical - directly involved in moving matter

Radiant or electromagnetic - energy traveling in waves

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4
Q

What is true about energy and conversion

And what is lost

A

Energy is easily converted from one form to another

During conversion some energy is lost as heat

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5
Q

Elements

Atoms

Atomic symbol

A

Elements - unique substance that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means

Atoms - more or less identical building blocks for each element

Atomic symbol - one or two letter chemical shorthand for each element

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6
Q

What is true about elements?

A

Elements have unique physical and chemical properties

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7
Q

What are physical and chemical properties

A

Physical - those detected with our senses

Chemical - pertain to the way atoms interact with one another

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8
Q

What are the major elements of the human body

A

Oxygen

Carbon

Hydrogen

Nitrogen

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9
Q

Subatomic particles

Areee

A

The nucleus consists of neutrons and protons

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10
Q

Neutrons
Protons
Electrons

A

Neutrons - have no charge neutral and a mass of one atomic mass unit

Protons - have a positive charge and a mass of 1

Electrons - negative charge

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11
Q

Planetary model

Orbital model

A

Planetary - electrons move around the nucleus in a fixed circular orbit

Orbital - regions around the nucleus in which electrons are most likely to b found

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12
Q

Atomic #

Mass #

Atomic weight

Isotope

Radioisotopes

A

Atomic # - number of protons

Mass # - number of protons and neutrons together

Atomic weight - average of the mass numbers of all isotopes

Isotopes - same number of protons diff number of neutrons

Radioisotopes - atoms that undergo spontaneous decay called radioactivity

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13
Q

Molecule

Compound

A

Molecule - two or more atoms held together by a chemical bond

Compound - two or more different kinds of atoms chemically bonded together

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14
Q

Solutions

Solvent

Solute

A

Solutions - homogeneous mixtures of components

Solvent - what it is being dissolved into

Solute - what is dissolving the substance

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15
Q

Electrons shells or energy levels

Valence shell

Octet rule

A

Electrons shells - surround the nucleus of an atom

Valence shell - outer most energy level containing chemically active electrons

Octet rule - except for the first shell which is full with two electrons atoms interact in a manner to have eight electrons in their valence shell

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16
Q

What is true about inert elements

A

They have their outer most energy level fully occupied by electrons

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17
Q

Reactive elements don’t have what?

A

Their outermost shell isn’t fully occupied by electrons

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18
Q

Free radical

A

Free radical - electrically charged atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in its outmost shell

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19
Q

How can free radicals become stable

A

Giving up an electrons

Taking an electron from another molecule

Antioxidants

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20
Q

What are antioxidants

A

Substances that inactivate oxygen derived free radicals

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21
Q

Ionic bonds

What are anions

Cations

A

Charged atoms resulting from the gain or loss of electrons

Anions - have gained one or more electrons (negative charge)

Cations - have lost one of more electrons (positive charge)

22
Q

How do ionic bond form?

A

Between atoms by the transfer of one or more electrons

23
Q

What are covalent bonds

What does sharing electrons make?

A

Formed by the sharing of two or more electrons

Molecules

24
Q

If electrons share equally they are…

If electrons share unequally they are…

Atoms with 6 or 7 valence shell electrons are

Atoms with 1 or 2 valence shell electrons are

A

Nonpolar

Polar

Electronegative

Electropostive

25
Q

Hydrogen bonds are

A

Too weak to bind an Atoms together

5 percent as strong as covalent bonds

26
Q

Went to chemical reactions occur

A

When chemical bonds are formed rearranged or broken

27
Q

Synthesis reactions

A

Reactions which always involve Bon formation for example amino acids become protein

28
Q

DeComposition reactions

A

Molecules that are broken down into smaller molecules

29
Q

Exchange reactions

A

Bonds are both made and broken

30
Q

What are electron donors
What do electron donors become
What are electron except or’s and what do they become

A

Reactants losing electrons
Oxidized

Reactants taking up electrons and they become reduced

31
Q

What is an exergonic reaction

A

The bond being broken has more energy than the one form so that extra energy is released usually as

32
Q

And endergonic reaction

A

Requires that energy be added usually from a molecule called ATP to form a bond

33
Q

How is protein formed

A

Bonding amino acid molecules come together

34
Q

Rate of reaction is influenced by

A

Temperature particle size concentration of reactant

35
Q

Organic compounds

Inorganic compounds

A

Contain carbon are covalently bonded and are often large

Do not contain carbon.
They are Water salts and many acid bases

36
Q

Hi heat capacity

High heat of vaporization

Polar solvent properties

A

Absorbs and releases large amounts of heat before changing temperature

Changing from a liquid to a gas requires large amounts of heat

Dissolves ionic substances forms hydrogen layers around large charge molecules and serve as the bodies major transport medium

37
Q

Reactivity

Cushioning

A

Is an important part of hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis reactions

Protects certain organs from physical trauma

38
Q

What are organic compounds and name a few

A

Molecules you need to living systems contain carbon and hands are organic compounds just to name a few they include carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acid

39
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates and what are the three classes

A

Major source of cellular fuel

Structural molecules. The three classes are monosaccharides disaccharides and polysaccharides

40
Q

What are isomers

A

Have the same molecular formula but the atoms are arranged differently

41
Q

Are some examples of lipids

A

Neutral fats or triglycerides phospholipids and steroids

42
Q

What are neutral fats a.k.a. triglycerides

What are their main functions

A

Composed of three fatty acid’s bonded to a glycerol molecule

Energy storage insulation and protection

43
Q

Saturated fatty acid

A

Single bonds between C Atoms maximum number of H

Solid animal fats example butter

44
Q

Saturated fatty acid

A

One or more double bonds between C Atoms , Reduce number of H atoms plant oils example olive oil

45
Q

Phospholipids and steroids and eicosandoids

A

Chief component of cell membranes

Cholesterol,bile salts, vitamin D sex hormones and adrenal cortical hormones

prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxans

46
Q

What are amino acids

How many types of amino acids are there and what are they joined by

A

Building blocks of proteins

20 and their joined by peptide bonds

47
Q

Protein denaturetion

A

Reversible unfolding of proteins do two drops in pH or increased temperature

48
Q

What is true about denuration

A

Proteins cannot re-fold

49
Q

Name two characteristics of enzymes

A

Frequently named for the type of reaction they catalyze and enzyme name is usually and then ase

50
Q

What nucleic acid’s composed of

What are nucleotides composed of

A

Nucleotides

N containing base, the pentose sugar, a phosphate group

A&P 1 (2 decks)

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