Chapter 1 - The Human Body Flashcards
What is anatomy and what is physiology?
Anatomy - the study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another.
Physiology- the study of the function of the body’s structural machinery
What is cytology?
What is histology?
The study of cells
The study of tissues
Principle of complementary
Function always reflects structure
Chemical : Cellular : Tissue: Organ : Organ system : Organismal :
Chemical - atoms combined to make molecules
Cellular - cells are made of molecules
Tissue - consists of similar types of cells
Organ - made up of different types of tissues
Organ system - consists of different organs that work closely together
Organismal - made up of the organ systems
Integumentary system
- forms external covering of the body
- made up of skin, hair, nails , oil glands
- protects our tissues from injuries
- synthesizes vitamin d
Skeletal system
- made up of bones, cartridge, ligaments
- protects and supports body organs
- provides the frame worm for muscles
- site of blood cell formation
- stores minerals
Muscular system
- made up of muscles and tendons
- allows locomotion, facial expressions, and manipulation of the environment
- maintains posture
- produces heat
Nervous system
- made from the brain, spinal column, nerves
- is the fastest acting control system of the body (wow)
- responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands
Cardiovascular system
- made up of the heart and blood vessels
- the harrrtt pumpsss bloood
- blood vessels transport blood throughout the body
Lymphatic system
- made up of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels
- picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood
- disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream
- houses white blood cells with immunity
Respiratory system
- composed of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
- keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
Digestive system
- made up of oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine, rectum, anus, liver
- breaks down food into smaller units that enter the blood
- eliminates indigestible food as feces
Urinary system
- composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
- gets rid of nitrogenous waste from the body
- regulates water, electrolyte, and pH balance of the blood
Male reproductive system
- made up of prostate gland, penis, scrotum, and ductus deferents
- main function is the production of offspring
- tested produce sperm and make sex hormones
- ducts and glands deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract
Female reproductive system
- made up of mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, and vagina
- main function is the production of offspring
- ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones
- remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of a fetus
- mammary glands produce milk to nourish the new born
Necessary life functions (2)
For the first function how is it done through Cellular level ?
Organismal level ?
1) maintaining boundaries: making sure our insides are distinct from our environment outside
2) movement : locomotion, propulsion, and contractility
Cellular: accomplished by plasma membrane
Organismal: accomplished by skin
Other necessary life functions?
(4)
1) responsiveness - ability to sense changes in a the environment and respond to them
2) digestion- breakdown of the ingested foodstuff
3) metabolism- all the chemical reactions that occur in the body
4) excretion - removal of wastes from the body
More necessary life functions (2)
How is the first one done at the cellular and organismal level ?
1) reproduction : cellular and organismal levels
2) growth : increases in size of a body part or of the organism
At the cellular level reproduction goes through mitosis
At the organismal level sperm and egg unite to make a person
What does everyone need to survive?
5
1) nutrients for energy and cell building
2) oxygen for metabolic reactions
3) water for chemical reactions
4) normal body temperature for chemical reactions to happen at life sustaining rates
5) atmospheric pressure for proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs
Homeostatic control mechanisms
3
1) receptor : moniters the environments and responds to changes (stimuli)
2) control center: determines the set point at which the variable is maintained
3) effector: provides the means to respond to stimuli
Negative feedback
Important way of getting back to homeostasis until it stops and the shuts off
Positive feedback
Output exaggerates the original stimulus like stopping blood clots
It gets worse before it gets better and closes up
Normal child birth is a positive feedback system
Uterine contractions force fetus into the cervix
This stretches the cervix and sends impulse to the brain
Then oxytocin is released into the blood
And then without stretching the birth continues
Epidemiology
Occurrence of diseases
Transmission in a community
Pharmacology
Effects and uses of drugs
Treatment of diseases
Anatomical position (4)
1 body erect
2) feet slightly apart
3) palms facing forward
4) thumbs point away from body
Prone position
Laying face down
Supine position
Supine on the spin
Body is lying face up
Anterior and posterior
Anterior - front
Post - back
Superior and inferior
Superior - toward the head
Inferior - away from the head
Proximal
Distal
Lateral
Medial
Proximal - near the core of the body
Distal - Farther from core of the body
Lateral - farther from the midline
Medial - nearer to the midline
Sagittal
Frontal or coronal
Transverse or Horizontal
Oblique section
Sagittal - divides the body into tight and left parts
Frontal or coronal - divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
Transverse or horizontal- (cross section) divides the body into the superior and inferior parts
Oblique section - cuts made diagonally
