Chapter 9.1 - Application of Forces and Transfer of Energy Flashcards
how does tsunamis occur/happen?
earthquakes that occur under the ocean
(Wikipedia)
A tsunami is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami)
what are tsunamis?
powerful waves
(Wikipedia)
A tsunami is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami)
what can rising temperatures of seawater do?
it can lead to increasing sea levels and the destruction of marine life
(IUCN)
The ocean absorbs most of the excess heat from greenhouse gas emissions, leading to rising ocean temperatures.
Increasing ocean temperatures affect marine species and ecosystems, causing coral bleaching and the loss of breeding grounds for marine fishes and mammals.
Rising ocean temperatures also affect the benefits humans derive from the ocean; threatening food security, increasing the prevalence of diseases, causing more extreme weather events and the loss of coastal protection.
(www.iucn.org)
what is climate?
climate refers to the average weather conditions experienced in a certain region over a long period of time, typically over 20 to 30 years
(NASA)
climate is the description of the long-term pattern of weather in a particular area. Some scientists define climate as the average weather for a particular region and time period, usually taken over 30-years. It’s really an average pattern of weather for a particular region.
(https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/noaa-n/climate/climate_weather.html)
what has climate change resulted in?
increase in the sea surface temperatures in many parts of the world’s oceans 🌊
(NASA)
Climate change has caused increased heat, drought, and insect outbreaks. In turn, these changes have made wildfires more numerous and severe. The warming climate has also caused a decline in water supplies, reduced agricultural yields, and triggered heat-related health impacts in cities.
(https://climate.nasa.gov/effects/#:~:text=Climate%20change%20has%20caused%20increased,related%20health%20impacts%20in%20cities.)
what are tropical cyclones?
intense storms that begin over warm oceans in tropical region
(World Health Organization)
Tropical cyclones, also known as typhoons or hurricanes, are among the most destructive weather phenomena. They are intense circular storms that originate over warm tropical oceans and have maximum sustained wind speeds exceeding 119 kilometers per hour and heavy rains.
(https://www.who.int/health-topics/tropical-cyclones#tab=tab_1)
what is the max speed of the wind in a tropical cyclone?
200km per hour
what are plates that cover the earth made of?
many huge pieces of solid rocks
(California Earthquake Authority)
Tectonic plates are gigantic pieces of the Earth’s crust and uppermost mantle. They are made up of oceanic crust and continental crust. Earthquakes occur around mid-ocean ridges and the large faults which mark the edges of the plates.
(https://www.earthquakeauthority.com/Blog/2020/Understanding-Plate-Tectonic-Theory#:~:text=Tectonic%20plates%20are%20gigantic%20pieces,the%20edges%20of%20the%20plates.)
what happens when a plate slides over or against another plate?
the force exerted between the two plates may result in a amount of energy released this is
experienced by people on land as tremors or earthquakes
what happens when magma is pushed out towards earth’s surface and what does it cause?
the earth moves violently and a volcanic eruption would happen
(National Geographic)
This magma can push through holes or cracks in the crust, causing a volcanic eruption. When magma flows or erupts onto Earth’s surface, it is called lava. Like solid rock, magma is a mixture of minerals. It also contains small amounts of dissolved gases such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur.
(https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/magma)
what can eartquakes and volcanic eruptions that occur beneath the ocean trigger?
tsunami
what is the estimated heights of the waves of the tsunamis ?
These huge waves are estimated to reach heights of up to 40 metres.
(National Geographic - Tsunamis: Facts About Killer Waves)
In some places a tsunami may cause the sea to rise vertically only a few inches or feet. In other places tsunamis have been known to surge vertically as high as 100 feet (30 meters). Most tsunamis cause the sea to rise no more than 10 feet (3 meters)
(https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/tsunamis-facts-about-killer-waves)
what could happen when the waves of the tsunamis hit the shore?
they strike objects along the shore with great force. This results in erosion of coastlines, damage to
buildings and the environment, and loss of lives
(International Tsunami Information Center)
Even if a tsunami wave may have been 1 meter of less in the deep ocean, it may grow into a huge 30–35-meter wave when it sweeps over the shore. Thus, tsunami waves may smash into the shore like a wall of water or move in as a fast-moving flood or tide - carrying everything on their path.
(http://itic.ioc-unesco.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=1340&Itemid=1414#:~:text=Even%20if%20a%20tsunami%20wave,carrying%20everything%20on%20their%20path.)
Graphic: Tsunamis slow down but grow in size as they come ashore.
what can the forces in nature do?
it can shape the physical environment and give rise to beautiful landforms.
how are tsunamis created underwater?
how are tsunamis created from volcanos?
