Chapter 9 - The New Profession of Psychology

Question 1

90) Counselling psychology?

Answer 1

• Counseling psychology, primarily associated with Lightner Witmer, emerged as a field focused on providing assessment and intervention services to individuals dealing with various psychological issues, particularly children with learning difficulties, through the establishment of the first psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania in 1896.
• Counseling psychology was influential to the field of psychology because it introduced mental health services outside of clinical settings, emphasizing preventive interventions and addressing clients’ well-being across diverse populations. One key concept from Witmer is his holistic approach to psychological assessment and intervention, which considered individual strengths and weaknesses within the context of their environment, rather than focusing solely on identifying and treating pathology. This led to the development of personalized treatment plans, something that is still used in counselling psychology today.

Question 1

91) Clinical psychology?

Answer 1

• Clinical psychology is a branch of psychology that focuses on diagnosing and treating mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. Lightner Witmer is connected to its emergence as he established the first psychological clinic in the United States at the University of Pennsylvania in 1896.
• Clinical psychology was influential for its development of evidence-based assessment and treatment methods for psychological disorders, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). CBT emphasizes the role of cognitive processes and behavior in shaping emotions and actions, offering practical strategies to modify maladaptive thoughts and behaviors. Its effectiveness in treating various mental health conditions has made it one of the most widely used therapeutic approaches in clinical psychology, significantly impacting the field’s efficacy and relevance in mental healthcare.

Question 2

92) Boulder conference?

Answer 2

• The Boulder Conference, held in 1949, was a landmark event that established the scientist-practitioner model as the primary training model for clinical psychology in the United States, emphasizing the integration of scientific research and clinical practice.
• The Boulder Conference was influential because it promoted a standardized training approach that combined rigorous scientific inquiry with practical clinical skills, ensuring that clinical psychologists were well-equipped to both conduct research and provide effective therapy. One key concept that emerged from the conference was the importance of evidence-based practice, which emphasizes using research findings to inform clinical decision-making and intervention strategies. This approach revolutionized clinical psychology by grounding therapeutic practices in empirical evidence, leading to more effective treatments and improved outcomes for clients.

Question 3

93) Science-practitioner model?

Answer 3

• The scientist-practitioner model, also known as the Boulder model, is an approach to training clinical psychologists that emphasizes the integration of scientific research and clinical practice, ensuring that practitioners are both skilled clinicians and competent researchers.
• This model was influential because it helped establish clinical psychology as a science-based profession, fostering a culture of empiricism and critical thinking within the field. One key concept of the scientist-practitioner model is the emphasis on utilizing research findings to inform clinical decision-making and treatment approaches, ensuring that therapeutic interventions are evidence-based and grounded in scientific evidence. This approach influenced the field by promoting the use of empirically supported treatments, leading to more effective and ethically sound psychological interventions.

Question 4

94) School psychology?

Answer 4

• School psychology is a specialty within psychology that focuses on applying psychological principles to educational settings, aiming to improve the academic performance, and overall well-being of students. Lightner Witmer is associated with the emergence of school psychology because he established the first psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania, where he provided psychological services to children with learning difficulties.
• School psychology was influential because it addressed the psychological needs of children within educational contexts, promoting the idea that psychological principles could be applied to improve learning outcomes and address behavioral challenges in schools. By integrating psychological assessment, consultation, and intervention within schools, school psychologists played a crucial role in shaping how schools look like today. This ultimately led to the recognition of school psychology as a distinct and essential specialty within the broader field of psychology.

Question 5

95) I-O Psychology?

Answer 5

• Industrial-Organizational (I-O) psychology is a field of psychology that focuses on applying psychological principles to workplace settings, aiming to enhance productivity, employee satisfaction, and organizational effectiveness. Walter Dill Scott is connected to the emergence of I-O psychology due to his work applying psychological principles to advertising and personnel selection during the early 20th century.
• I-O psychology was influential because it introduced scientific methods to improve work-related practices, such as personnel selection, job analysis, and performance appraisal, thereby enhancing organizational productivity and employee well-being. One key concept within I-O psychology is job analysis, which involves systematically gathering information about job duties, responsibilities, and requirements in order to fins the best match for the job. By emphasizing the importance of evidence-based practices and promoting the use of psychological research in organizational settings, I-O psychology contributed to the development of more efficient and better work environments, benefiting both employers and employees

Question 6

96) Accreditation?

Answer 6

• Accreditation is the process by which educational programs are evaluated to ensure they meet predetermined standards of quality and effectiveness. Leta S. Hollingworth is connected to the emergence of accreditation in psychology due to her advocacy for certification and standardization of training in clinical psychology.
• Accreditation was influential because it established consistent standards for training programs in psychology, ensuring that graduates received a high-quality education and were adequately prepared for professional practice. One key concept within accreditation is the establishment of minimum standards for doctoral training programs, including curriculum requirements, faculty qualifications, and resources, which helped to standardize and professionalize psychology education. By promoting accountability and quality assurance in psychology training, accreditation contributed to the credibility and legitimacy of the profession, fostering public trust and confidence in psychologists and their services.

Question 7

97) Vail conference?

Answer 7

• The Vail Conference was a meeting held in 1973 that proposed an alternative training model to the Boulder model for clinical psychology training.
• The Vail Conference was influential because it led to the establishment of the practitioner-scholar or PsyD training model, which emphasized clinical practice skills combined with research. This alternative model aimed to address concerns about the overemphasis on research in traditional PhD programs and to better prepare psychologists for direct clinical work. The key concept introduced by the Vail Conference was the recognition of the importance of clinical practice and the need for a training model that prioritized the development of practical skills for providing psychological services. This shift in focus contributed to the diversification of training options in psychology and the recognition of different pathways to professional practice.

Question 8

98) Walter Van Dyke Bingham?

Answer 8

• Walter Van Dyke Bingham was an American psychologist known for his contributions to industrial and organizational psychology.
• Bingham was influential for his establishment of the first department of applied psychology at the Carnegie Institute of Technology (now Carnegie Mellon University) in 1915. Bingham contributed to the filed by developing a selection instruments and training programs for industry, which laid the foundation for the application of psychological principles in organizational settings. This emphasis on applying psychology to improve workplace efficiency and personnel selection contributed to the growth and development of industrial-organizational psychology as a distinct field within psychology.

Question 9

99) David Shakow?

Answer 9

• David Shakow was an American psychologist known for his significant contributions to clinical psychology and mental health policy.
• Shakow was influential for his research on the assessment and treatment of schizophrenia, particularly his work on the measurement of psychiatric symptoms and the development of standardized diagnostic criteria. Shakow advocated for the integration of psychological and biological perspectives in understanding mental illness, which helped bridge the gap between psychological theory and psychiatric practice. This interdisciplinary approach promoted a more comprehensive understanding of mental disorders and contributed to advancements in both clinical psychology and psychiatry.

Question 10

100) Shell-shocked (PTSD) &laquo_space;Either item could be used?

Answer 10

• “Shell-shocked” was a term coined by Charles S. Myers during World War I to describe the psychiatric symptoms experienced by soldiers, now recognized as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).
• The recognition of shell-shock as a psychological condition was influential because it highlighted the psychological toll of war and contributed to the understanding of trauma-related mental health disorders. One key concept related to this was the importance of humane treatment for affected soldiers, advocated for by Myers, which challenged prevailing military perceptions of weakness and emphasized the need for compassionate care for individuals experiencing psychological distress. This concept of compassionate care for trauma survivors has since become a foundational principle in trauma psychology and mental health treatment.