Chapter 6: The Birth of the New Applied Psychology in America

Question 1

53) Walter D. Scott or Advertising &laquo_space;Either item could be used?

Answer 1

• Scott was an American psychologist of the early-mid 20th century who is regarded as the founder of industrial-organizational psychology OR One of the first American business industries to start employing psychologists, first of whom was Walter Scott in the early 20th century.
• While Scott had little experience in advertising, he wrote two books on the topic with psychology as a foundation. The books led to many businesses regarding him as an expert and seeking his services, which led to him developing a theory of advertising with suggestion being the main component. Because of Scott’s success in the industry, the work of business started seeing the use of applied psychology.
• OR Due to the employment of Scott, he was able to generate many materials rooted in psychology that were useful to the industry such as his books or his theory of advertising rooted in suggestion. Because of that, the work of business was able to see the usefulness of psychology as applied science.

Question 1

52) Lightner Witmer?

Answer 1

• Late 19th-early 20th century American psychologist who established the first psychological clinic in the world and is considered to be the father of both clinical and educational psychology
• Was important for the establishment of his clinic where he mostly treated children with disabilities and behavioral disorders. The establishment of the clinic also led to him creating a new journal “The psychological clinic” where he kept record of the cases encountered and of detailed diagnoses and treatments for other professionals wishing to open similar clinics.

Question 2

54) Harry Hollingworth?

Answer 2

• An American psychologist of the early 20th century that made great contributions to the field of advertising psychology.
• Wanted to understand the psychology of advertising and buying behavior which led to the development of his model of advertising that allowed to predict the effectiveness of ads. Additionally, participated in the Coca-cola case where he conducted the first caffeine experiments on humans which was one of the first applications of applied psychology.

Question 3

55) Eugenics?

Answer 3

• A field of applied psychology that was highly promoted in the early 20th century America and led by Herbert Goddard. Started off as promotion of the “brightest” people to marry and increase their population number but quickly branched into negative eugenics which believed into prevention of certain individuals from reproducing.
• Although the movement only survived until the 1930s, it was only stopped because of Hitler making a positive comment about it after already doing irreversible damage to thousands of individuals, who were mostly women. Important to psychology as it shows how psychology can be misapplied.

Question 4

56) Moral therapy?

Answer 4

• A means of rehabilitating asylum patients in the late 18th and throughout 19th century America. Involved a combination of occupational therapy, exercise, religious training, recreation, personal hygiene, and participation in activities such as gardening, painting, music, or carpentry.
• Likely helpful in small populations but due to overpopulation of the asylums became impossible to execute. The increased population then led to the asylums being re-labeled into provincial hospitals where future psychologists would work.

Question 5

57) Engineering psychology?

Answer 5

• A type of applied psychology created in the early 20th century America. Can be referred to as human factors psychology and describes work related to the design of equipment to interface better with human operators and human needs.
• Important both during the after the war with applications ranging from plane design to reduce the crashes to the design of clothes irons, telephones, vending machines, nuclear power plants and others. - OR Popularized through the work of Lilian Gilbreth and her inventions of electronic food mixer, refrigerator door shelves and other kitchen designs that both made work more effective and aided physically disabled persons in housework.

Question 6

58) Lilian Gilbreth?

Answer 6

• An American psychologist prominent in the early-mid 20th century America who was the only American psychologist to appear on a US postage stamp
• Contributed a lot of innovation into the new field of engineering psychology such as creating a more efficient kitchen design and patents on the shelves inside the refrigerator doors and electric mixer. Additionally, worked on designs to make kitchen layouts and equipment to aid physically disabled in doing the housework. The first woman to be in the American Society of Engineers member as well as winner of many engineering awards.

Question 7

59) Forensic psychology?

Answer 7

• A field of applied psychology that was emerging in the early 20th century America. Concentrated on the application of psychology in the legal and criminology fields.
• Most prominent appearances in the 20th century were the Coca-cola case and Ivens trial that involved Hollingworth and Munstenberg. While only the Coke trial was successful, both allowed to show the application of psychology to the legal field which supported its development into the discipline it is today.

Question 8

60) Raymond Cattell?

Answer 8

• A British-American psychologist of the 20th century who got his Lifetime Achievement Award withdrawn from him for advocating for eugenics.
• Important for creating a 16 factor personality scale?

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Question 9

61) Henry Herbert Goodard?

Answer 9

• An American psychologist of the early 20th century who did research on children with intellectual disability and played an important part in the American negative eugenics movement.
• Due to his work in the settings with intellectually disabled children started seeing “feeble-mindedness” everywhere which resulted in his active leadership role in the negative eugenics movement and the creation of the “eugenics laws” which prevented the marriage of individuals who were deemed mentally ill or intellectually challenged and, at their extreme, called for the mandatory sterilization of these individuals. Out of the more positive impacts, translated the Binet intelligence test into English that which was significant as the test became the model for intelligence testing for virtually the rest of the 20th century

Question 10

62) Intelligence testing?

Answer 10

• An area of psychology that started to develop in the early 20th century America and included topics applicable to the testing of both children and adults.
• Two of the most prominent cases were the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test that was the leading instrument of intellectual assessment for over 30 years and popularized the concept of IQ and the development of the Army Alpha and Army Beta tests widely applied in the military settings of WWI.

Question 11

63) Alfred Binet?

Answer 11

• A French psychologist of the late 19th-early 20th century who made contributions to the intelligence testing domain
• While intelligence testing was his main contribution it was quite significant as the test developed by him was translated into English for use in America, where it positively correlated with school performance of children. Additionally, it eventually ended up evolving into the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test which became the leading instrument for intellectual assessment for most of the 20th century.

Question 12

64) Munsterberg?

Answer 12

• An American psychologist of the late 19th-early 20th century who’s recognized for his work in many applied psychology domains such as industrial psychology, psychology of law, psychology and teaching and psychology of motion pictures (main contributions in industrial psychology and psychology of law)
• Main contributions to industrial psychology: promoting psychology as the science of human efficiency and believed that a good match between a worker and a job would lead to higher efficiency and that psychology had tools to find that perfect match. Created tests to select competent captains and trolley car operators.
• Psychology of law contributions: played a role in the Ivens trial where he believed that the accused provided false confession, worked on the topics of the problem of false confessions, crime prevention, lie detection, and the decision processes of jurors. Also, the first psychology book of law. The work served as roots of forensic psychology

Question 13

65) Vocational guidance?

Answer 13

• A domain of applied psychology that started with a movement in the first decade of 20th century America, which was initiated by a strong interest in aiding people to help choose their occupation. One of the early figures was Parsons.
• While educators believed vocational guidance to be the domain of schools, psychologists insisted that psychology was better suited for that due to the existence of mental, intelligence and personality tests that’ll allow for a better occupation match. The domain is seen as one of the important roots of counseling psychology.