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Neuro exam 3 > Chapter 9: The Eye > Flashcards

Chapter 9: The Eye Flashcards

1
Q

Light

A

electromagnetic radiation that is visible to our eyes

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2
Q

Properties of light

A

energy is proportional to frequency, gamma radiation and cool colors = high energy. Radio waves and hot colors = low energy.

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3
Q

Optics

A

study of light rays and their interactions

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4
Q

reflection

A

bouncing of light rays off a surface

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5
Q

absorption

A

transfer of light energy to a particle or surface

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6
Q

refraction

A

bending of light rays from one medium to another

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7
Q

pupil

A

opening in the center of the iris where light enters the eye

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8
Q

lens

A

transparent, changes shape to focus light on retina. responsible for 20% of focusing.

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9
Q

retina

A

what the light is projected onto, part of eye responsible for actual vision.

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10
Q

cornea

A

clear covering of the center of eye, protects and bends light to focus on lens. Accounts for 80% of focusing

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11
Q

visual receptors

A

line the retina

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12
Q

sclera

A

white part of the eye

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13
Q

iris

A

colored part of the eye

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14
Q

choroid

A

brown layer with blood vessels

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15
Q

optic nerve

A

bundle of axons from the retina

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16
Q

aqueous humor

A

fluid behind cornea

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17
Q

Zonule fibers

A

ligaments that suspend the lens

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18
Q

ciliary muscle

A

forms a ring inside the eye

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19
Q

vitreous humor

A

viscous, jelly-like substance lies between lens and the retina, keeps eyeball spherical.

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20
Q

blind spot

A

where the optic nerve exits the eye to the brain.

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21
Q

macula

A

the part of the retina for central vision.

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22
Q

optic disk

A

where retinal vessels originate from, where optic nerve fibers exit the retina.

23
Q

fovea

A

a dark spot, retina is thinner in fovea, consists solely of cones.

24
Q

nasal retina

A

part of the retina that lies closer to the nose than the fovea

24
Q

temporal retina

A

part of the retina that lies near the temple.

25
Q

accomodation

A

additional focusing power provided by changing that shape of the lens. To focus on distant objects - Ciliary muscles relax, stretching the zonule fibers and flattening the lens. To focus on near objects - requires greater refraction, contracting ciliary muscle so there’s less tension in zolune fibers.

26
Q

Pupillary light reflex

A

pupil continuously adjusts to different ambient light levels, connections between retina and brain stem neurons control muscles around pupil, consensual.

27
Q

the visual field

A

amount of space viewed by retina when eye is fixated straight ahead, inverted image.

28
Q

visual acuity

A

ability to distinguish two nearby points

29
Q

visual angle

A

distance across the retina described in degrees.

30
Q

Anatomy of the retina

A

information of light flows from photoreceptors to bipolar cells to ganglion cells which projects axons out of the eye in the optic nerve.

31
Q

Horizontal cells

A

receive input from photoreceptors and project to other photoreceptors and bipolar cells.

32
Q

amacrine cells

A

receive input from bipolar cells and project to ganglion cells, bipolar cells, and other amacrine cells.

33
Q

Laminar organization of retina

A

cells are organized in layers

34
Q

pigmented epithelium

A

light passes through ganglion cells and bipolar cells before reaching photoreceptors.

35
Q

tapetum lucidum

A

a reflective layer beneath photoreceptors

36
Q

ganglion cell layer

A

innermost retinal layer, contains the cell bodies of the ganglion cells.

37
Q

inner nuclear layer

A

contains the cell bodies of the bipolar cells, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells.

38
Q

outer nuclear layer

A

contains the cell bodies of the photoreceptors.

39
Q

inner plexiform layer

A

between ganglion and inner nuclear layer, contains the synaptic contacts between bipolar cells, amacrine cells, and ganglion cells.

40
Q

outer plexiform layer

A

between outer and inner nuclear layers, where the photoreceptors make contact with the bipolar and horizontal cells.

41
Q

layer of photoreceptor outer segments

A

contains the light-sensitive elements of the retina.

42
Q

pigmented epithelium

A

where the outer segments are embedded in.

43
Q

cross section of fovea

A

pit in retina where outer layers are pushed aside, maximizes visual acuity.

44
Q

central fovea

A

all cones, area of highest visual acuity.

45
Q

rods

A

long, cylindrical outer segment with many disks, low spatial resolution, achromatic, all contain same photopigment, over 1000 times more sensitive to light than cones. Most abundant in periphery of the eye and respond to faint light.

46
Q

cones

A

shorter, tapering outer segment with fewer disks, high resolution, chromatic, three types all containing different photopigments. Most abundant in and around fovea, essential for color vision and useful in bright light.

47
Q

differences in rods and cones

A

duplex retina - two complementary systems in one eye.

48
Q

young Helmholtz trichromatic theory

A

color perception occurs through the relative rates of response by three kinds of cones, each one maximally sensitive to a different set of wavelengths.

49
Q

color vision deficiency

A

inability to perceive color differences, results when people with certain genes fail to develop one type of cone or develop an abnormal type of cone.

50
Q

dark adaptation

A

getting used to the dark, sensitivity to light increases a millionfold or more during this period.

51
Q

light adaptation

A

reversing the changes in the retina that accompanied dark adaptation.

52
Q

receptive field

A

area of the retina where light changes neuron’s firing rate.

Neuro exam 3 (6 decks)

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