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neuro exam 3 > Chapter 11: The Auditory and Vestibular System > Flashcards

Chapter 11: The Auditory and Vestibular System Flashcards

1
Q

audition

A

sense of hearing

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2
Q

vestibular system

A

regulates the sense of balance, posture; head, body, and eye movement.

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3
Q

frequency

A

the number of compressed patches of air that pass by our ears each second, measured in Hertz. The number of waves per second corresponds to frequency.

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4
Q

pitch

A

a sound having high or low tone, determined by frequency.

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5
Q

intensity

A

amplitude, the height of each wave, sound intensity determines the loudness we perceive.

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6
Q

pinna

A

part of outer ear, the visible portion of the ear consists of cartilage covered by skin that forms this funnel that helps collect sounds from a wide area.

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7
Q

auditory canal

A

part of the outer ear, the entrance to the internal ear, extends about 2.5 cm inside the skull.

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8
Q

tympanic membrane

A

part of the middle ear, where auditory canal connects, known as eardrum.

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9
Q

ossicles

A

part of middle ear, a series of bones connected to the medial surface of tympanic membrane. They transfer movements of the tympanic membrane into movements of a second membrane covering a hole in the bone of the skull.

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10
Q

oval window

A

part of inner ear, where the ossicle transfers movements of the tympanic membrane into movements in this second membrane.

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11
Q

cochlea

A

part of inner ear, behind the oval window thats filled with fluid, contains the apparatus for transforming the physical motion of the oval window membrane into a neuronal response.

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12
Q

basic auditory pathway

A

sound waves move the tympanic membrane -> tympanic membrane moves the ossicles -> ossicles move the membrane at the oval window -> motion at the oval window moves fluid in the cochlea -> movement of fluid in the cochlea causes a response in sensory neurons.

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13
Q

outer ear

A

the structures of the pinna to the tympanic membrane

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14
Q

middle ear

A

the tympanic membrane and the ossicles

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15
Q

inner ear

A

apparatus medial to the oval window

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16
Q

nuclei in the brain stem

A

once a neural response to sound is generated in the inner ear, the signal is transferred to and processes by this nuclei.

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17
Q

medial geniculate nucleus

A

output from nuclei in the brain stem is sent to this in the thalamus.

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18
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

the MGN projects to this located in the temporal lobe.

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19
Q

Eustachian tube

A

allows the air in the middle ear to be continuous with the air in the nasal cavities.

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20
Q

footplates of stapes

A

sound force amplification by the ossicles

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21
Q

attenuation reflex

A

response when onset of loud sound causes tensor tympani and stapedius muscle contraction, adapts ear to loud sounds, protects inner ear, enables us to understand speech better.

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22
Q

anatomy of cochlea

A

three fluid-filled tunnels - scala vestibuli, scala media, and scala tympani. Also has oval window and round window

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23
Q

Basilar membrane

A

separates the scala tympani from the scala media.

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24
Q

Reissner’s membrane

A

separates the scala vestibuli from the scala media

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25
Q

Tectorial membrane

A

hangs over organ of Corti

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26
Q

Organ of Corti

A

contains auditory receptor neurons

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27
Q

hair cells

A

the auditory receptors that lie between the basilar membrane and the tectorial membrane in the cochlea

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28
Q

helicotrema

A

at the apex of the cochlea, the scala media is closed off, and the scala tympani becomes continuous with the scala vestibula at this hole in the membranes.

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29
Q

perilymph

A

fluid in scala vestibuli and scala tympani, low potassium and high sodium concentrations.

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30
Q

endolymph

A

fluid in scala media, high potassium and low sodium concentrations

31
Q

endocochlear potential

A

endolymph electrical potential 80 mV more positive than perilymph

32
Q

stria vascularis

A

the difference in ion content is generated by active transport processes taking place here.

33
Q

Physiology of the cochlea

A

motion at oval window pushes perilymph into scala vestibuli, makes round window membrane bulge.

34
Q

response of the basilar membrane to sound

A

two structural components of basilar membrane - wider at apex, stiffness decreases from base to apex. Endolymph movement bends basilar membrane near base, wave moves toward apex.

35
Q

place code

A

the response of the basilar membrane establish this in which different locations of membrane are maximally deformed at different sound frequencies.

36
Q

place code theory

A

each area along the basilar membrane has hair cells sensitive to only one specific frequency of sound wave. Each frequency activates the hair cells at only one place along the basilar membrane, the nervous system distinguishes among frequencies based on which neurons respond.

37
Q

tonopoy

A

systematic organization of sound frequency within an auditory structure, analogous to retinotopy in the visual system.

38
Q

stereocilia

A

hair looking extensions from hair cells.

39
Q

transduction

A

transducing sound into a neural signal is the bending of these cilia.

40
Q

reticular lamina

A

this is in the middle of the basilar membrane and tectorial membrane, holding onto the hair cells.

41
Q

inner hair cells

A

hair cells between the modiolus and the rods of Corti

42
Q

outer hair cells

A

cells farther out than the rods of Corti

43
Q

spiral ganglion

A

hair cells form synapses on neurons whose cell bodies are located here

44
Q

auditory vestibular nerve

A

axons from the spiral ganglion enter the auditory nerve, a branch of this nerve projects to the cochlear nuclei in the medulla.

45
Q

transduction by hair cells

A

ion channels on stereocilia tips are opened when the tip links joining the stereocilia are stretched, the entry of potassium depolarizes the hair cell which opens a voltage-gated calcium gated channel, incoming calcium leads to the release of glutamate that diffuses to the postsynaptic nuerite from the spiral ganglion.

46
Q

tip link

A

displacement of the cilia in one direction increases tension on this, increasing inward potassium current. The entry of potassium into hair cell causes depolarization that activates calcium channels, releasing glutamate that activates the spiral ganglion.

47
Q

auditory nerve fiber

A

afferents from the spiral ganglion enter the brain stem here

48
Q

dorsal/ventral cochlear nucleus

A

at the level of the medulla, the axons innervate the dorsal and ventral cochlear nucleus ipsilateral to the cochlea where the axons originated.

49
Q

superior olive

A

cells in the ventral cochlear nucleus send axons that project to this on both sides of the brain stem

50
Q

inferior colliculus

A

axons of the olivary neurons ascend in the lateral lemniscus and innervate this of the midbrain.

51
Q

medial geniculate nucleus

A

the neurons in the inferior colliculus send axons here in the thalamus, which in turn projects to auditory cortex.

52
Q

acoustic radiation

A

axons leaving MGN project to auditory cortex via internal capsule in array

53
Q

Area A1

A

important for auditory imagery, damage doesn’t produce deafness, cells here mainly respond to tones of a particular frequency

54
Q

damage to primary auditory cortex

A

have trouble with speech and music, but they identify and localize single sounds well.

55
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

the destination for most information from the auditory system, located in the superior temporal cortex.

56
Q

tonotopic organization

A

the auditory nerve and auditory cortex have this, neurons responding to higher frequencies are located on the periphery and those responding to lower frequencies more centrally.

57
Q

time of arrival

A

method to determine the direction and distance of a sound to compare the responses of the two ears.

58
Q

difference of intensity

A

cue for location of sound between ears

59
Q

sound shafow

A

making the sound louder for the closer ear.

60
Q

amusia

A

tone deafness, impaired detection of frequency changes, have trouble recognizing tunes.

61
Q

absolute pitch

A

perfect pitch, ability to hear and identify a note, genetic predisposition contributes.

62
Q

conductive/middle ear deafness

A

hearing loss that occurs if the bones of the middle ear fail to transmit sound waves properly to the cochlea. Can be caused by disease, infections.

63
Q

nerve/inner ear deafness

A

hearing loss that results from damage to the cochlea, the hair cells, or the auditory nerve, can vary in degree, can be confined to one part of the cochlea.

64
Q

tinnitus

A

frequent or constant ringing in the ears, experienced by many people with nerve deafness.

65
Q

vestibular labyrinth

A

Otolith organs - gravy and tilt
Semicircular canals - head rotation
Use hair cells, like auditory system, to detect changes.

66
Q

vestibular sense

A

system that detects the position and movement of the head, directs compensatory movements of the eye and helps maintain balance, senses the direction of tilt and the amount of acceleration of the head.

67
Q

saccule and utricle

A

large chambers near the center of the labyrinth

68
Q

Scarpa’s ganglion

A

where 20,000 vestibular nerve axons on each side fo the head cell bodies lie

69
Q

Otolith organs

A

the saccule and utricle detect changes of head angle, as well as linear acceleration of the head

70
Q

linear acceleration

A

forces due to this are the sort you encounter when you ride in an elevator or a car as it starts or stops.

71
Q

uticular macula

A

when this is level, the cilia from the hair cells also stand straight

72
Q

otoconia

A

pulled when the head and macula are tilted, this deforms the gelatinous cap, and the cilia bend.

73
Q

semicircle canals

A

detect turning movements of the head, such as shaking your head from side to side or nodding up and down. Also sense acceleration. first the cilia of hair cells penetrate the gelatinous capula, which is bathed in the endolymph that fills the canal. When the canal rotates leftward, the endolymph lags and it applies force to the capula, bending the cilia within it.

74
Q

angular acceleration

A

generated by sudden rotational movements, and it is the primary stimulus for the semicircular canals.

neuro exam 3 (6 decks)

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