Chapter 9 Test Study Notes

Question 1

Fluid System

Answer 1

A group of parts, including at least one fluid, that interacts with each other and functions together as a whole.

Question 2

Pascal’s Law

Answer 2

Pascal’s law states that when force is applied to an enclosed fluid, the increase in pressure is transmitted equally to all parts of the fluid.

Question 3

Hydraulic Systems

Answer 3

Systems which use a liquid under pressure to transmit a force and do work.

Question 4

Hoist

Answer 4

A hoist uses two pistons of different sizes to create pressure to lift a vehicle.

Question 5

Piston

Answer 5

A piston is a disk that moves inside a cylinder. The small piston is the input piston, which pushes down on the liquid to create pressure.

Question 6

Pneumatic System

Answer 6

A system that uses a gas, usually air, under pressure to transmit a force. In order for a gas to be put to work in a fluid system, it must first be compressed.

Question 7

Pump

Answer 7

A device that moves a fluid through or into something. For example, your heart pumps blood to your lungs for oxygen and then pumps the blood through your body.

Question 8

Valves

Answer 8

Devices that control the flow of fluids.

Question 9

Oil spills on water and the sources of water pollution:

Answer 9

When oil is added to water, it floats on top. Oil floats because it is less dense than water. The fact that oil floats on water makes the clean-up easier. Even though the oil floats, if the surface of the water is moving quickly, the oil can “mix” with the water.

Question 10

Booms

Answer 10

Oil is easier to clean up if it is contained in one area. Booms are large, floating barriers that act like a fence to contain the oil.

Question 11

Skimmers

Answer 11

Skimmers are machines similar to vacuum cleaners which pulls up the oil from the surface of the water. The water must be calm in order for skimmers to be effective.

Question 12

Sorbents

Answer 12

Sorbents are large, sponge-like materials that absorb the oil. A problem arises when the oil-soaked sorbents become denser than the water and sink.

Question 13

Dispersants

Answer 13

Dispersants are chemicals that act like detergents and break the layer of oil into smaller pieces. The oil remains in the water, where it may continue to be harmful to marine life.

Question 14

Burning

Answer 14

Burning the oil can remove over 90 percent of the spill. The spill must be more than 3 mm thick and have happened recently in order for this method to work. Burning is not successful if the winds are strong.

Question 15

Bioremediation

Answer 15

Bioremediation involves using bacteria and fungi to break down oil. Nitrates or fertilizers are added to the spill to provide nutrients for quicker growth of the bacteria and fungi.

Question 16

Oil spills on land:

Answer 16

The environmental impact of a spill on land is much more localized than that of a spill in water since the spill does not spread as quickly. The methods used to clean up an oil spill on land are similar to those used for an oil spill on water. Barriers are placed around the spill to contain the oil. Sorbents are used to soak up as much oil as possible. As well, the top layer of contaminated soil may be excavated and removed.