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BIO 160 > Chapter 9 Terms > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Character

A

A heritable feature that varies among individuals within a population, such as flower color in pea plants

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2
Q

Trait

A

A variant of a character found within a population, such as purple flowers in pea plants

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3
Q

Self-Fertilize

A

The fusion of sperm and egg produced by the same individual organism

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4
Q

Cross-Fertilization

A

The fusion of sperm and egg derived from two different individuals

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5
Q

True-Breeding

A

Referring to organisms for which sexual reproduction produces offspring with inherited traits identical to those of the parents; the organisms are homozygous for the characteristics under consideration

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6
Q

Hybrid

A

The offspring of parents of two different species or of two different varieties of one species; the offspring of two parents that differ in one or more inherited traits; an individual that is heterozygous for one or more pairs of genes

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7
Q

Cross

A

A mating of two sexually reproducing individuals; often used to describe a genetics experiment involving a controlled mating

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8
Q

P Generation

A

The parent individuals from which offspring are derived in studies of inheritance. (P stands for parental)

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9
Q

F1 Generation

A

The offspring of two parental (P generation) individuals; F1 stands for first filial

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10
Q

F2 Generation

A

The offspring of the F1 generation; F2 stands for second filial

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11
Q

Monohybrid Cross

A

An experimental mating of individuals differing at one genetic locus

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12
Q

Allele

A

An alternative version of a gene

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13
Q

Homozygous

A

Having two identical alleles for a given gene

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14
Q

Heterozygous

A

Having two different alleles for a given gene

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15
Q

Dominant Allele

A

The allele that determines the phenotype of a gene when the individual is heterozygous for that gene

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16
Q

Recessive Allele

A

An allele that has no noticeable effect on the phenotype of a gene when the individual is heterozygous for that gene

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17
Q

Law of Segregation

A

A general rule in inheritance that individuals have two alleles for each gene and that when gametes form by meiosis, the two alleles separate, each resulting gamete ending up with only one allele of each gene; also known as Mendel’s first law of inheritance

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18
Q

Punnett Square

A

A diagram used in the study of inheritance to show the results of random fertilization

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19
Q

Phenotype

A

The expressed traits of an organism

20
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic makeup of an organism

21
Q

Dihybrid Cross

A

An experimental mating of individuals differing at two genetic loci

22
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

A general rule in inheritance that when gametes form during meiosis, each pair of alleles for a particular characteristic segregate independently of other pairs; also known as Mendel’s second law of inheritance

23
Q

Rule of Multiplication

A

A rule stating that the probability of a compound event is the product of the separate probabilities of the independent events

24
Q

Rule of Addition

A

A rule stating that the probability that an event can occur in two or more alternative ways is the sum of the separate probabilities of the different ways

25
Q

Pedigree

A

A family tree representing the occurrence of heritable traits in parents and offspring across a number of generations

26
Q

Carrier

A

An individual who is heterozygous for a recessively inherited disorder and who therefore does not show symptoms of that disorder but who may pass on the recessive allele to offspring

27
Q

Cystic Fibrosis (CF)

A

A genetic disease that occurs in people with two copies of a certain recessive allele; characterized by an excessive secretion of mucus and vulnerability to infection; fatal if untreated

28
Q

Inbreeding

A

Mating between close relatives

29
Q

Achondroplasia

A

A form of human dwarfism caused by a single dominant allele; the homozygous condition is lethal

30
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A

A human genetic disease caused by a dominant allele; characterized by uncontrollable body movements and degeneration of the nervous system; usually fatal 10-20 years after the onset of symptoms

31
Q

Amniocentesis

A

A technique for diagnosing genetic defects while a fetus is in the uterus. A sample of amniotic fluid, obtained by a needle inserted into the amnion, is analyzed for telltale chemicals and defective fetal cells

32
Q

Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)

A

A technique for diagnosing genetic defects while the fetus is in an early development stage within the uterus. A small sample of the fetal portion of the placenta is removed and analyzed

33
Q

Ultrasound Imaging

A

A technique for examining a fetus in the uterus. High-frequency sound waves echoing off the fetus are used to produce an image of the fetus

34
Q

Complete Dominance

A

A type of inheritance in which the phenotype of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable

35
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

A type of inheritance in which the phenotype of a heterozygote (Aa) is intermediate between the phenotypes of the two types of homozygotes (AA and aa)

36
Q

ABO Blood Group

A

Genetically determined classes of human blood that are based on the presence or absence of carbohydrates A and B on the surface of red blood cells. The ABO blood group phenotypes, also called blood types, are A, B, AB, and O.

37
Q

Codominant

A

Inheritance pattern in which a heterozygote expresses the distinct trait of both alleles

38
Q

Pleiotropy

A

The control of more than one phenotypic characteristic by a single gene

39
Q

Polygenic Inheritance

A

The additive effect of two or more gene loci on a single phenotypic characteristic

40
Q

Chromosome Theory of Inheritance

A

A basic principle in biology stating that genes are located on chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns

41
Q

Linked Genes

A

Genes located near each other on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together

42
Q

Recombination Frequency

A

With respect to two given genes, the number of recombinant progeny from a mating divided by the total number of progeny. Recombinant progeny carry combinations of alleles different from those in either of the parents as a result of independent assortment of chromosomes or crossing over

43
Q

Sex Chromosome

A

A chromosome that determines whether an individual is male or female

44
Q

Sex-Linked Gene

A

A gene located on a sex chromosome. In humans, the vast majority of sex-linked genes are located on the Y chromosome

45
Q

Hemophilia

A

A human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele; characterized by excessive bleeding following injury

46
Q

Red-Green Color Blindness

A

A category of common, sex-linked human disorders involving several genes on the X chromosome; characterized by a malfunction of light-sensitive cells in the eyes; affects mostly males but also homozygous females

47
Q

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

A

A human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele; characterized by progressive weakening and a loss of muscle tissue

BIO 160 (8 decks)

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