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BIO 160 > Chapter 4 Terms > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Terms Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Micrograph

A

A photograph taken through a microscope

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2
Q

Light Microscope (LM)

A

An optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images and project them into a viewer’s eye or onto photographic film

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3
Q

Cell Theory

A

The theory that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells

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4
Q

Electron Microscope (EM)

A

An instrument that focuses an electron beam through, or onto the surface of, a specimen. An electron microscope achieves a hundredfold greater resolution than a light microscope

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5
Q

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

A

A microscope that uses an electron beam to study the surface architecture of a cell or other specimen

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6
Q

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

A

A microscope that uses an electron beam to study the internal structure of thinly sectioned specimens

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7
Q

Prokaryotic Cell

A

A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea

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8
Q

Eukaryotic Cell

A

A type of cell that has a membrane-enclosed nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles. All organisms except bacteria and archaea are composed of eukaryotic cells

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9
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

The membrane that sets a cell off from its surroundings and acts as a selective barrier to the passage of ions and molecules into and out of the cell; consists of a phospholipid bilayer in which are embedded molecules of protein and cholesterol

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10
Q

Chromosome

A

A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell and most visible during mitosis and meiosis; also, the main gene-carrying structure of a prokaryotic cell. Chromosomes consist of chromatin, a combination of DNA and protein

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11
Q

Ribosome

A

A cell structure consisting of RNA and protein organized into two subunits and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. The ribosomal subunits are constructed in the nucleolus

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12
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Everything inside a cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus; consists of a semifluid medium and organelles

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13
Q

Nucleoid

A

A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell

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14
Q

Flagella

A

A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion. The flagella of prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ in both structure and function. Like cilia, eukaryotic flagella have a 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules covered by the cell’s plasma membrane

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15
Q

Organelle

A

A membrane-enclosed structure with a specialized function within a cell

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16
Q

Cellular Metabolism

A

The chemical activities of cells

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17
Q

Nucleus

A

(1) An atom’s central core, containing protons and neutrons. (2) The genetic control center of a eukaryotic cell

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18
Q

Chromatin

A

The complex of DNA and proteins that constitutes eukaryotic chromosomes; often used to refer to the diffuse, very extended form taken by chromosomes when a cell is not dividing

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19
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

A double membrane, perforated with pores, that encloses the nucleus and separates it from the rest of the eukaryotic cell

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20
Q

Nucleolus

A

A structure within the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell where ribosomal RNA is made and assembled with proteins imported from the cytoplasm to make ribosomal subunits

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21
Q

Endomembrane System

A

A network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles

22
Q

Vesicle

A

A sac made of membrane in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell

23
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

An extensive membranous network in a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions

24
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

A network of interconnected membranous tubules in a eukaryotic cell’s cytoplasm. Smooth ER lacks ribosomes

25
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

A network of interconnected membranous sacs in a eukaryotic cell’s cytoplasm. Rough ER membranes are studded with ribosomes that make membrane proteins and secretory proteins

26
Q

Glycoprotein

A

A macromolecule consisting of one or more polypeptides linked to short chains of sugars

27
Q

Transport Vesicle

A

A tiny membranous sac in a cell’s cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell. The vesicle buds from the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi and eventually fuses with another membranous organelle or the plasma membrane, releasing its contents

28
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of membranous sacs that modify, store, and ship products of the endoplasmic reticulum

29
Q

Lysosome

A

A digestive organelle in eukaryotic cells; contains hydrolytic enzymes that digest the cell’s food and wastes

30
Q

Vacuole

A

A membrane-enclosed sac that is part of the endomembrane system of a eukaryotic cell, having diverse functions

31
Q

Central Vacuole

A

A membrane-enclosed sac occupying most of the interior of a mature plant cell, having diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development

32
Q

Peroxisome

A

An organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide

33
Q

Mitochondria

A

An organelle in eukaryotic cells where cellular respiration occurs. Enclosed by two concentric membranes, it is where most of the cell’s ATP is made

34
Q

Intermembrane Space

A

One of the two fluid-filled internal compartments of the mitochondrion. The intermembrane space is the narrow region between the inner and outer membranes

35
Q

Mitochondrial Matrix

A

The fluid contained within the inner membrane of a mitochondrion

36
Q

Chloroplast

A

An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic molecules (sugars) from carbon dioxide and water

37
Q

Stroma

A

The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water; Sugars are made in the stroma by the enzymes of the Calvin cycle

38
Q

Thylakoid

A

One of a number of disk-shaped membranous sacs inside a chloroplast. Thylakoid membranes contain chlorophyll and the enzymes of the light reactions of photosynthesis. A stack of thylakoids is called a granum

39
Q

Granum

A

A stack of hollow disks formed of thylakoid membrane in a chloroplast. Grana are the sites where light energy is trapped by chlorophyll and converted to chemical energy during the light reactions of photosynthesis

40
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

A process by which the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells probably evolved from symbiotic associations between small prokaryotic cells living inside larger cells

41
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

A network of protein fibers in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell; includes microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

42
Q

Microfilament

A

The thinnest of the three main kinds of protein fibers making up the cytoskeleton of a eukaryotic cell; a solid, helical rod composed of the globular protein actin

43
Q

Intermediate Filament

A

An intermediate-sized protein fiber that is one of the three main kinds of fibers making up the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. Intermediate filaments are ropelike, made of fibrous proteins

44
Q

Microtubule

A

The thickest of the three main kinds of fibers making up the cytoskeleton of a eukaryotic cell; a straight, hollow tube made of globular proteins called tubulins. Microtubules form the basis of the structure and movement of cilia and flagella

45
Q

Centriole

A

A structure in an animal cell composed of cylinders of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9 and 0 pattern. An animal usually has a centrosome with a pair of centrioles involved in cell division.

46
Q

Cilia

A

A short cellular appendage specialized for locomotion formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two single microtubules covered by the cell’s plasma membrane

47
Q

Basal Body

A

A eukaryotic cell organelle consisting of a 9 + 0 arrangement of microtubule triplets; may organize the microtubule assembly of a cilium or flagellum; structurally identical to a centriole

48
Q

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

A

A substance in which the cells of an animal tissue are embedded; consists of protein and polysaccharides

49
Q

Integrins

A

A transmembrane protein that interconnects the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton

50
Q

Cell Wall

A

A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and some protists; protects the cell and helps maintain its shape

51
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

An open channel in a plant cell wall through which strands of cytoplasm connect from adjacent cells

BIO 160 (8 decks)

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