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Building Construction > Chapter 9 - Steel Construction O > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Steel Construction O Flashcards

1
Q

Steel is a _______ and ________________ building material.

A

strong and non combustible

p 257

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2
Q

The basic properties of steel are as follows:

  • ____________ of the building materials
  • Non-_________, resistant to _________ and dimensionally stable
  • Consistent ___________ due to controlled industrial process used in its manufacture
  • Relatively ___________, but strength and variety of forms enable it to be used in __________ quantities than other materials.
A
  • Strongest
  • rotting / aging
  • quality
  • expensive / smaller

p 258

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3
Q

Steel is basically an alloy of _______ and _________.

A

iron / carbon

p 258

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4
Q

Common structural steel has less than _______ _______ of one percent carbon.

A

three tenths

p 258

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5
Q

Cast iron has a carbon content of _________ to ______ percent.

A

three to four

p 258

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6
Q

The higher carbon content of cast iron produces a material that is _______ but _________.

A

hard / brittle

p 258

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7
Q

The composition of steel can be altered by adding other materials. ______________, for example, can be added to increase strength. ____________ increases strength and toughness. ____________ increases the resistance of steel to abrasion.

A

Molybdenum / vanadium / manganese

p 258

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8
Q

The lower carbon content of steel compared to that of cast iron results in a material that is _________ rather than brittle.

A

ductile

p 258

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9
Q
  • Capable of being shaped, bent, or drawn out.
A

Ductile

p 258

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10
Q

The rolling process consists of repeatedly passing ingots of steel heated to ________*F between large rollers until the desired shape is achieved.

A

2,200

p 258

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11
Q

The ductility of steel allows it to be rolled in a ______ _______.

A

cold state

p 258

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12
Q

A very commonly used steel for structural purposes is designated _______ ______.

A

ASTM A36

p 259

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13
Q

Because excessive deformation of steel is undesirable, the maximum stress that develops within steel members under conditions of loading must be kept below the ________ ________.

A

yield point

p 259

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14
Q

Steels for special application, such as those used in bridge strands, have strengths as high as __________ psi but very little __________.

A

300,000 / ductility

p 259

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15
Q

Steel possesses two inherent disadvantages:

  • Tendency to _______ when exposed to air and moisture
  • Loss of __________ when exposed to the heat of a fire
A
  • rust
  • strength

p 259

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16
Q

Steel can be protected in several ways from the formation of ______. Methods include painting the surface with a _______-inhibiting paint and coating the materials with ______ and ___________.

A

rust / rust / zinc and aluminum

p 259

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17
Q

Steel can also be produced using ingredients that resist rust, as in the case of ___________ steel.

A

stainless

p 259

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18
Q

The fires typically encountered by firefighters do not create temperatures hot enough to _______ steel. However, they do create enough heat to greatly ________ steal, resulting in structural failure.

A

melt / weaken

p 259

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19
Q

Note that at a temperature of around 1000*F the yield point of the steel has dropped from ________ psi to approximately _______ psi.

A

36,000 / 18,000

p 259

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20
Q

At 1200 *F the yield point has dropped to approximately ________ psi - a loss in strength of approximately _____ percent.

A

10,000 / 72

p 259

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21
Q

The loss of strength because of increased temperature is not a _________ occurrence, rather, the steel loses its strength _________ as its temperature increases.

A

sudden / gradually

p 260

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22
Q

The speed with which unprotected steel fails when it is exposed to a fire depends on several factors, including the following:

  • _______ of the steel members
  • __________ of the exposing fire
  • ______ supported by the steel
  • Types of ______________ used to join the steel members
  • Type of _______
A
  • Mass
  • Intensity
  • Load
  • connections
  • steel

p 260

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23
Q

Although steel is a good conductor of heat, it is also a very heavy material, having a density of around ______ pounds per cubic feet.

A

490

p 260

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24
Q

A wide flange steel beam 14 inches in depth with a 10 inch wide flange would have a weight of ____ pounds per foot of length. A beam 20 feet long would weigh _______ pounds.

A

74 / 1480

p 260

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25
Q

When lower _________ exist in the steel, it must be heated to a higher temperature for the yield point to be reached.

A

stresses

p 260

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26
Q

When individual steel members are rigidly ________ and _______ into a large structural system, they are better able to resist failure than if they are simply supported.

A

welded or bolted

p 260

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27
Q

The amount of expansion for slender members, such as beams and columns, can be determined through a property known as the linear coefficient of __________ __________.

A

thermal expansion

p 260

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28
Q

If an unrestrained steel beam 20 feet long were heated from 70F to a uniform temperature of 1000F, it would expand _____ inches.

A

1.4

p 260-261

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29
Q

The basic method by which steel is used in the design of buildings is the construction of a structural framework that supports the _______, _______, and exterior _______.

A

floors, roof, and exterior walls

p 262

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30
Q
  • Large, horizontal structural member used to support joist and beams at isolated points along their length.
A

Girder

p 262

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31
Q

Beams and columns in steel frame buildings are connected by one of two methods: __________ or _________.

A

bolting or welding

p 262

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32
Q

The connections of a beam to a column not only transfers the _______ between members but also determines the _________ of the basic structure.

A

loads / rigidity

p 263

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33
Q

Beam and girder steel frames can be classified as _______, ________, or _____-_______.

A

rigid, simple or semi-rigid

p 263

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34
Q

When a framing system is classified as a ________ frame, the connection between the beams and the columns are designed to resist the bending forces resulting from the supported loads and lateral forces.

A

rigid

p 264

35
Q

In a rigid frame connection, sufficient rigidity exists between the beam and the column so that ____ ________ occurs in the angle between the beam and the column as the loads are applied.

A

no change

p 264

36
Q

In the case of a simple frame, the joints are designed primarily to support a __________ force.

A

vertical

p 264

37
Q

Simple frame:

A degree of __________ change between beams and columns can occur if some form of diagonal bracing is not provided.

A

angular

p 264

38
Q

In a semi-rigid frame, the connections are not completely rigid but provide some ____________ support to the structure.

A

diagonal

p 264

39
Q

When rigid connections are not used, lateral stability for a frame must be provided through the use of __________ bracing or ________ _________.

A

diagonal / shear panels

p 264

40
Q

________ ________ are reinforced walls located between columns and beams to brace them laterally.

A

Shear panels

p 264

41
Q

________ _________ provide a structural member that can carry loads across greater spans more economically than beams can.

A

Steel trusses

p 264

42
Q

Steel trusses:

They are frequently used in three-dimensional space frames, in which case they are known as _______ trusses because the cross-section resembles the Greek letter _______.

A

delta / Delta

p 264-265

43
Q

Two commonly encountered applications of the basic steel truss are the ______ _____ joist and the joist ________.

A

open web / girder

p 265

44
Q

Open web joist are mass produced and are available with depths of up to ____ feet and span up to ______ feet. However, they are more frequently found with depths less than ____ feet and spans of ____ feet.

A

6 / 144 / 2 / 40

p 265

45
Q
  • Open web truss constructed entirely of steel, with steel bars used as the web members.
A

Bar joist

p 265

46
Q

When round bars are used for the diagonal members, the open web truss is known as a ______ _______.

A

bar joist

p 266

47
Q

________ _________ are heavy steel trusses used to take the place of steel beams as part of the primary structural frame.

A

Joist girders

p 266

48
Q

Gabled rigid frames:

Steel rigid frames usually are used for spans from _____ to ______ feet and are fabricated by welding or bolting together steel shapes and plates.

A

40 to 200

p 267

49
Q

Gabled rigid frames:

The top of the rigid frame is known as the ________ and the points where inclined members intersect the vertical members are known as the ________.

A

crown / knees

p 267

50
Q

Steel arches are used to support roofs on buildings where large unobstructed ________ are needed. These include occupancies such as _____________ and ____________ _______.

A

floors / gymnasiums / convention halls

p 267

51
Q

Steel arches can be constructed to span distances in excess of ______ feet.

A

300

p 267

52
Q

A ________ arch is constructed as a solid arch that may be built up from angles and webs with cross section similar to that of a beam.

A

girder

p 267

53
Q

A ________ arch is built using truss shapes with pin connections. The pin connections allow for slight movement between two halves due to ____________ or _____________ change.

A

trussed / settling / temperature

p 267

54
Q

The strength of steel is such that it can be used in very slender forms such as ______ and ________.

A

rods / cables

p 268

55
Q

Drawing steel bars through a ______ to produce wire greatly increases the strength of the steel.

A

die

p 268

56
Q

It is possible to produce wire for use in bridge cables with strengths as high as ___________ psi.

A

300,000 psi

p 268

57
Q

Because of the high compressive strength of steel, the cross section of steel columns can be very small compared to their to ________. Because of this slenderness, the possibility of ___________ is greater with steel columns than with columns made of other materials.

A

length / buckling

p 268

58
Q

The most common column cross-sections are the hollow _________, the rectangular _______ and the wide ________ shape similar to the cross sections of an I-beam.

A

cylinder / tube / flange

p 268

59
Q

Steel columns

A property of a given column, known as its “______________ _______” is used in combination with the condition of the column end to determine the load that can be safely supported without buckling.

A

“slenderness ratio”

p 269

60
Q

The ___________ the numerical value of the slenderness ratio, the more likely it is that buckling will occur. In general, columns used for structural support in buildings should not have a slenderness ratio greater than ______.

A

higher / 120

p 269

61
Q

Columns that are erected so they cannot _________ at their ends have less tendency to buckle than columns that are free to _________ at their ends.

A

rotate / rotate

p 269

62
Q

A very common floor design in steel frame buildings uses a lightweight concrete with a minimum thickness of ____ inches supported by __________ steel decking.

A

2 / corrugated

p 270

63
Q

Light gauge steel joist:

The steel joist are produced with depths of ____ to ____ inches and can be spaced _____ to ____ inches apart depending on the span and the load to be supported.

A

6 to 12 / 16 to 48

p 270

64
Q

The rigid connections used in the beam and girder type of frame have a greater _______ of _________ at the point of connection than do simple connections. Therefore, it takes much more heat to produce failure in _______ connections than it does in the less massive simple connections.

A

mass of steel / rigid

p 270

65
Q

Although the primary purpose of a gusset plate is to strengthen the connection, the gusset plate also increases the _______ _______ at the connection, thereby decreasing it possibility of failure.

A

steel mass

p 271

66
Q

In gabled rigid frame structures the ______ _______ between the roof and the wall will be the strongest part of the frame and the last part to fail.

A

knee joint

p 271

67
Q

In a structure with a large beam and girder frame made of repeating sections, the adjacent sections of the frame tend to be mutually ___________. These adjacent sections provide a degree of _____________ to the overall system that reinforces the structures strength.

A

supporting / redundancy

p 271

68
Q

If steel trusses are constructed with ________ chords and ___________ members and are simply supported on a bearing wall or beam, they can easily fail and collapse under fire conditions.

A

slender / diagonal

p 272

69
Q

A steel column encased in 3 inches of concrete with a siliceous aggregate would have a fire resistance of ______ hours.

A

four

p 272

70
Q

__________ can be used as an insulating material either in the form of flat boards or a plaster.

A

Gypsum

p 272

71
Q

Gypsum board is available as _________ or _________.

A

regular or type X

p 272

72
Q

Gypsum consists of approximately _____ percent entrapped water.

A

21

p 272

73
Q

Gypsum

The water turn to steam upon exposure to fire and, in doing so, absorbs the heat. This process is known as ___________.

A

calcination

p 272

74
Q

The most commonly used spray-applied fire resistive materials (SFRMs) are _________ fiber or expanded aggregate coatings such as ___________ and _________.

A

mineral / vermiculite / perlite

p 273

75
Q

The applied fireproofing can vary from ____ to ____ inches to produce a fire resistive rating of ___ to ___ hours.

A

7/8 - 1 7/8 / 1 to 4

p 273

76
Q

______-_________ mineral fibers are relatively soft and can be easily dislodged from the steel.

A

Low-density

p 273

77
Q

High density SFRMs that use magnesium oxychloride have densities ranging from _____ to _____ lb/cu ft.

A

40 to 80

p 273

78
Q
  • Containing or composed of cement. Has cement like characteristics.
A

Cementitious

p 273

79
Q

The cementitious materials have densities varying from _____ to _____ lb/cu ft.

A

15 to 50

p 273

80
Q
  • Coating or paint like product that expands when exposed to the heat of a fire to create an insulating barrier that protects the material underneath.
A

Intumescent coating

p 274

81
Q

Intumescent coating

The coating material will expand to _____ to ____ times its original volume. The expanded coating then acts as an ___________ material to protect the steel.

A

15 to 30 / insulating

p 274

82
Q

_________ coatings function in a manner similar to intumescent coatings except they are based on more complex organic materials and their reaction to heat is more complex.

A

Mastic

p 274

83
Q
  • Usually refers to a suspended, insulating ceiling tile system.
A

Membrane ceiling

p 274

Building Construction (10 decks)

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