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Building Construction > Chapter 7 - Wood Construction > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Wood Construction Flashcards

1
Q

Wood has a unique position among building materials. Because it is a plant product most of its “manufacture” actually occurs in _________.

A

nature

p 197

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2
Q

Wood is ________ to produce and renewable; however, little control can be exercised over wood as a __________.

A

cheap / product

p 197

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3
Q

As a building material wood has some disadvantages. For one thing, wood is never ______________ true. In addition, weather conditions can change its ______ and _______ and wood does not shrink or swell ___________.

A

dimensionally / size and shape / uniformly

p 198

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4
Q

Wood is stronger in a direction ___________ to the grain than against the grain. For example, the allowable compressive strength parallel to the grain varies from ______ to _______ psi for commercially available grades and species of framing lumber.

A

parallel / 325 to 1700

p 198

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5
Q

Wood has a useful __________ strength. In fact, on the basis of strength to weight, wood has a tensile strength comparable to _________. Typical defects in wood, however, greatly reduce this comparison, so the allowable tensile strength of wood is about ______ psi.

A

tensile / steel / 700

p 198

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6
Q

The strength of wood is also affected by its __________ content.

A

moisture

p 198

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7
Q

When the tree is cut, the water begins to evaporate. As the water leaves the wood, either naturally or through drying, the wood begins to ________ in size and increase in __________.

A

shrink / strength

p 198

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8
Q

It is possible to dry lumber to any moisture content, but most structural lumber has a moisture content of _____ percent or less.

A

19

p 198

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9
Q
  • Lengths of wood cut and prepared for use in construction.
A

Lumber

p 198

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10
Q

Lumber is graded for both structural __________ and ____________. Lumber that has a higher grade is more _________.

A

strength / appearance / costly

p 198

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11
Q

Solid lumber includes _________, ___________ lumber, and _________.

A

boards, dimensional / timbers

p 199

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12
Q

Solid lumber:

Boards have a nominal thickness of ____ inches or less.

A

2

p 199

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13
Q

Solid lumber

Dimension lumber has a nominal thickness of ____ to ____ inches or more.

A

2 to 4

p 199

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14
Q

Solid lumber:

Timbers have a nominal thickness of ____ inches or more.

A

5

p 199

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15
Q

Solid lumber:

Dimension lumber is available in lengths from ____ to ____ feet in ____ foot increments. In addition, members for use as rafters can be supplied in lengths up to _____ feet.

A

8 to 18 / 2 / 24

p 199

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16
Q

Lumber sizes are typically given in __________ dimensions. The actual dimension of a finished piece of wood will be _________ than the nominal dimension.

A

nominal / smaller

p 199

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17
Q

Solid lumber

Thus a nominal 2x4 inch board will have finished dimensions of ____ X _____ inches.

A

1 1/2 X 3 1/2

p 199

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18
Q

____________ wood members are produced by joining flat strips of wood with glue.

A

Laminated

p 199

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19
Q

Laminated wood members

The beams produced by this method are known as ________ beams.

A

glulam

p 199

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20
Q
  • Short for glue-laminated structural lumber.
A

Glulam

p 199

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21
Q

Laminated wood members

The thickness of the individual laminations varies from ____ inch to ____ inches.

A

3/4 / 2

p 199

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22
Q

Laminated wood members

The advantage to producing laminated structural members is that ________ and _________ can be produced that are not available from solid pieces cut from logs.

A

sizes and shapes

p 199

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23
Q

Laminated wood members

________ beams can be formed into curves or given varying cross sections.

A

Glulam

p 199

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24
Q

Laminated members can be produced in depths ranging from ___ to ____ inches and lengths up to _____ feet.

A

3 to 75 / 100

p 200

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25
Q

Laminated wood members

Three types of joints can be used to join laminated members end to end. These are the ______ joint, the _______ joint, and the ________ joint.

A

butt / scarf / finger

p 200

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26
Q

Laminated wood members

The ______ joint is easy to produce but cannot be used where tensile forces are to be transmitted along the length of the beam.

A

butt

p 200

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27
Q

Laminated wood members

The _______ and ________ type joints can be used to transmit tensile forces.

A

scarf / finger

p 200

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28
Q

These products allow the use of the outer fibers of a log as well as the inner portions traditionally used. The products include laminated veneer lumber (LVL), parallel strand lumber (PSL) and laminated strand lumber (LSL) ?

A

Structural Composite Lumber

p 201

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29
Q
  • Surface layer of attractive material laid over a base of common material.
A

Veneer

p 201

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30
Q

Structural composite lumber

___________ __________ lumber is produced by peeling sheets of veneer from the outer portions of a log. These sheets of veneer are laminated in parallel alignment.

A

Laminated veneer

p 201

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31
Q

Structural composite lumber

__________ _________ lumber is made from the outermost veneers peeled from a log that are as uniform as those used in LVL.

A

Parallel strand

p 201

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32
Q

Parallel strand lumber

These veneers range from ____ to ____ feet in length and produce odd-shaped strands that are coated with an adhesive and ________ under pressure.

A

2 to 8 / cured

p 201

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33
Q

______ is the strongest of the three SCL products and can be used for heavily loaded columns and long spans.

A

PSL

p 201

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34
Q

Structural composite lumber

___________ ________ lumber is produced by taking long strands of wood up to 12 inches in length and bonding them with a resin in a steam pressing process.

A

Laminated strand

p 201

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35
Q

Structural composite lumber

______ is typically used for short-span beams and columns.

A

LSL

p 201

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36
Q

Plywood

The thickness of individual layers varies from ____ inch to ____ inch. The nominal thickness of panels varies from ____ inch to _____ inches. Plywood is produced in standard sheets measuring ____ feet by ____ feet.

A

1/16 - 5/16 / 1/4 - 1 1/8 / 4 X 8

p 201

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37
Q

Nonveneered products include _________ _______ board, _____________, and ____________.

A

oriented strand board (OSB) / particleboard / waferboard

p 202

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38
Q
  • Construction material made of many small wooden pieces (strands) bonded together to form sheets, similar to plywood.
A

Oriented Strand Board (OSB)

p 202

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39
Q

Nonveneered panels

This board uses long, strand like wood particles that are compressed and glued into three to five layers. The strands are oriented with each layer in the same direction, similar to the grain in the veneer layers in plywood ?

A

Oriented strand board

p 202

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40
Q

Nonveneered panels

This board is made from wood particles bonded with synthetic resins under heat and pressure. The individual wood particles can range in size from 1 inch to very fine ?

A

Particleboard

p 202

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41
Q

Particleboard can be manufactured in sizes up to ____ by ____ feet.

A

8 by 40

p 202

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42
Q

Because it can be manufactured in large sheets, particleboard is used for __________ in manufactured and mobile homes.

A

flooring

p 202

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43
Q

Nonveneered panels

This board is similar to particleboard but uses wafer-like pieces of wood that are larger than those used in particleboard ?

A

Waferboard

p 202

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44
Q
  • Produced with parallel external face veneers bonded to a core of reconstituted fibers.
A

Composite Panels

p 202

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45
Q

_____________ panels consists of a face and back panel such as plywood or OSB bonded to a central core material.

A

Composite ( or sandwich panels )

p 202

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46
Q

Composite or sandwich panels

The core can be a variety of materials such as ________ ____________ or _________ ________.

A

paper honeycomb or plastic foam

p 202

47
Q

Composite or sandwich panels

One type of composite panel is the __________ ________ ________. A __________ ___________ _________ consists of outer wood panels (usually OSB) with a plastic foam core between the panels.

A

structural insulated panel / structural insulated panel

p 202

48
Q

Composite or sandwich panels

Structural insulated panels are used where energy ___________ is desired. The inner core can be up to ___ foot thick.

A

efficiency / 1

p 202

49
Q

Span rating

Wood panel products are graded for their __________ use and their ___________ durability.

A

structural / exposure

p 202

50
Q

Span rating

The span rating of 32/16 indicates that the panel may be used as roof sheathing on _________ 32 inches apart or as subflooring on _______ 16 inches apart.

A

rafters / joists

p 203

51
Q

Span rating

Greater distances typically exist between the supporting members in _______ than in ________.

A

roofs / floors

p 203

52
Q

____________ members are prefabricated from components such as dimension lumber, panels, adhesives, and metal fasteners and shipped to the construction site for election.

A

Manufactured

p 203

53
Q

Manufacturing members away from the _____ ______ permits greater quality control and more efficient use of materials than assembling them at the construction site.

A

job site

p 203

54
Q

Trusses

Light frame trusses are made up of ____ inch nominal members that are all in the same plane.

A

2

p 204

55
Q

Trusses

Light frame trusses have become very popular for roof framing where the spans are ________ or ___________.

A

small or moderate

p 204

56
Q

Light frame wood trusses pose a special problem for firefighters because the relatively slender wood members used to construct the truss will _____ _________ in a fire than the heavier members used in the past.

A

fail earlier

p 204

57
Q

Trusses

Concern has also been expressed about the possible early failure of the ?

A

metal connector plates

p 204

58
Q

Trusses

Heavy timber trusses are made up of members up to ____ or ____ inches.

A

8 to 10

p 205

59
Q

Trusses

In current practice heavy timber trusses are used mainly for their ______________.

A

appearance

p 205

60
Q

Trusses

In modern heavy timber trusses ________ gusset plates with through-_______ are frequently used at the connection points.

A

steel / bolts

p 205

61
Q

A ______-______ truss makes use of a short circular piece of steel within and between two adjacent wood members to transfer the load between the members.

A

split-ring

p 205

62
Q

________-_______ connectors are used in wood connections to reduce the stress at the bolts.

A

Split-ring

p 206

63
Q

Materials with relatively _______ ignition temperatures are easier to ignite than materials with ______ ignition temperatures.

A

low / high

p 207

64
Q
  • Thermal or chemical decomposition of fuel (matter) because of heat that generally results in the lowered ignition temperature of the material. The pre ignition combustion phase of burning during which heat energy is absorbed by the fuel, which in turn gives off flammable tars, pitches and gases.
A

Pyrolysis

p 208

65
Q

____________ is the thermal decomposition of wood and begins at a temperature somewhere below approximately ______*F.

A

Pyrolysis / 392

p 208

66
Q
  • Temperature of the surrounding environment.
A

Ambient temperature

p 208

67
Q

The _______ of ____________ of a fuel is the total amount of thermal energy that could be released if the fuel were completely burned.

A

heat of combustion

p 208

68
Q

The heat of combustion is measured in _________ __________ ______ per pound or ___________ per gram.

A

British Thermal Units (Btu) / kilojoules

p 208

69
Q

Example of heat of combustion:

Using a 12 pound natural Christmas tree for an example at 8000 Btu per pound would equal _________ Btus of heat energy released if the tree is fully consumed.

A

96,000

p 208

70
Q

A greater __________ _______ for a given mass of wood permits a more rapid combining of fuel vapors and air for combustion and, therefore, an overall greater rate of burning.

A

surface area

p 209

71
Q
  • The ratio of the surface area of the fuel to the mass of the fuel.
A

Surface-to-mass ratio

p 209

72
Q
  • Any substance, except plain water, that is applied to another material or substance and that is designed to reduce the flammability of fuels or slow their rate of combustion by chemical or physical action.
A

Fire retardant

p 210

73
Q

The two main methods of fire retardant treatment are ___________ ______________ and ___________ ____________.

A

pressure impregnation and surface coating

p 210

74
Q

Pressure impregnation has the advantage of producing a treatment that is ____________ when used under the proper conditions.

A

permanent

p 210

75
Q

Most fire retardant chemicals operate by accelerating the formation of ___________ in the wood when the wood is exposed to heat.

A

charring

p 210

76
Q

Fire retardant treatment

The __________ reduces the formation of volatile gases in the wood and retards the actual flaming combustion. The chemical reaction of the fire retardant is intended to occur at temperatures __________ than those that are developed in fires.

A

charring / lower

p 210

77
Q

The fire retardant treatment of wood will reduce its __________.

A

strength

p 210

78
Q

________________ ___________ lumber is a wood like product produced from wood fiber and polyethylene or polyvinyl chloride (PVC).

A

Thermoplastic composite

p 211

79
Q

Thermoplastic composite lumber is not intended to be used in the ___________ ____________ of a building such as beams, trusses, or studs. It main application is in the construction of outside ________ and ____________.

A

structural framing / decks and railings

p 211

80
Q

Thermoplastic composite lumber is a combustible product with a flame spread rating of _____.

A

80

p 212

81
Q

Thermoplastic composite lumber looks much like ordinary lumber but will behave like __________ under fire conditions.

A

plastic

p 212

82
Q

The wood framing systems most frequently encountered can be broadly classified into two basic types: __________ framing and _______-_______ framing.

A

timber / light-wood

p 212

83
Q

Because of labor costs and limitations in the basic strength of wood, most wood frame buildings do not exceed ________ stories.

A

three

p 212

84
Q

In heavy timber framing the columns are not less than ___ X ___ inches and the beams (except roof beams) are not less than ____ X ____ inches.

A

8 X 8 / 6 X 10

p 212

85
Q

Because they are more _________ and have a ________ surface-area-to-mass ratio heavy timbers display greater structural endurance under fire conditions than members used in light frame construction.

A

massive / lower

p 213

86
Q
  • Notch, hole, or space cut into a piece of timber to receive the projecting part (tenon) of another piece of timber.
A

Mortise

p 214

87
Q
  • Projecting member in a piece of wood or other material for insertion into a mortise to make a joint.
A

Tenon

p 214

88
Q

The __________ beams are used frequently in heavy timber construction where greater lengths are required.

A

glulam

p 214

89
Q

Glulam beams behave in the same manner under fire conditions as _______ _________.

A

solid timbers

p 214

90
Q

Information available from the US Department of Agriculture indicates that heat of a fire has essentially no effect on the _____________ that are used in contemporary glulam beams.

A

adhesives

p 214

91
Q

_______ and _______ framing is a form of wood frame construction in which the columns (termed the posts) and the beams are of dimensions less than those used in heavy timber framing but greater than those used in light frame construction.

A

Post and beam

p 215

92
Q

Post and beam framing

The posts are usually ___ X ____ inches or ____ X ____ inches. The posts are usually spaced ____ to ____ feet.

A

4 X 4 / 6 X 6 / 4 to 12

p 215

93
Q

The most popular form of wood framing is known as _______ _______ frame construction.

A

light wood

p 216

94
Q

Light wood framing makes use of ___ inch nominal lumber such as ___x___ or ___x___.

A

2 / 2x4s / 2x8s

p 216

95
Q

Light wood framing

The walls are formed from vertical members known as “studs” that are ___x___ or ____x____ spaced ____, ____, or ____ inches on center.

A

2x4s / 2x6s / 12, 16, or 24

p 216

96
Q

The two basic types of light wood framing are __________ framing and _________ framing.

A

balloon / platform

p 216

97
Q

In ___________ -frame construction, the exterior wall studs are continuous from the foundation to the roof.

A

balloon

p 216

98
Q

Shrinkage in lumber occurs to a greater degree in the _______-___________ dimensions than in its length.

A

cross-sectional

p 217

99
Q

In ___________ framing (also sometimes known as Western framing), the exterior wall vertical studs are not continuous to the second floor.

A

platform

p 218

100
Q
  • Type of framing in which each floor is built as a separate platform and the studs are not continuous beyond each floor. Also called Western Frame Construction.
A

Platform frame construction

p 218

101
Q

From a construction standpoint, __________-frame buildings are easier to erect than __________-frame buildings.

A

platform / balloon

p 218

102
Q
  • Solid materials such as wood blocks, used to prevent or limit the vertical and horizontal spread of fire and the products of combustion in hollow walls or floors, above false ceilings, in penetrations for plumbing or electrical installations, in penetrations of a fire rated assembly or in cocklofts and crawl spaces.
A

Fire stop

p 219

103
Q
  • Dividers hung from the ceiling in large open areas that are designed to minimize the mushrooming effect of heat and smoke.
A

Draft stops (also called curtain boards and draft curtains)

p 220

104
Q
  • (1) Covering applied to the framing of a building to which siding is applied. (2) First layer of roof covering laid directly over the rafters or other roof supports. It may be plywood, chipboard sheets, or planks that are butted together or spaced about 1 inch apart.
A

Sheathing (also called decking or roof decking)

p 220

105
Q

A layer of ___________ _________ is provided between the sheathing and the siding to act as a vapor barrier. The ________ acts to reduce the infiltration of moisture and air.

A

building paper / paper

p 220

106
Q

Insulation

Typically, a code will require that foam insulation be faced with a ___________ __________ such as gypsum wallboard to prevent or retard surface ignition of the foam.

A

thermal barrier

p 221

107
Q

Noncombustible materials can be used for insulation. These include ________ wool and ______ wool in the form of batts or blankets or ________ glass.

A

glass / rock / fiber

p 221

108
Q

A wood framed building like other buildings can be provided with an exterior facing of brick. Such construction is termed ________ _________.

A

brick veneer

p 223

109
Q

The brick veneer adds little to structural support and must be tied to the wood frame wall at intervals of _____ inches.

A

16

p 223

110
Q

Where a degree of fire resistance is required, the interior finish materials most commonly used are ________ ________ or _________.

A

gypsum board or plaster

p 223

111
Q

__________-___________ gypsum board is indistinguishable from ordinary gypsum board, but will prove more difficult to penetrate with hand tools.

A

Impact-resistant

p 224

112
Q

__________-__________ construction is intended to decrease the vulnerability of structures to exposure from wildland fires.

A

Ignition-resistant

p 226

113
Q

Wood frame buildings, especially light wood frame buildings, have numerous concealed spaces within the _______, _______, and ________ spaces. These concealed spaces provide an avenue for the ________ of ______.

A

walls, attics and floor spaces / spread of fire

p 227

Building Construction (10 decks)

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